Chapter VII   Samuccayasaṅgahavibhāgo（類別之概要）

7.2 不善之概要（Akusalasaṅgaha）

7.2.1 漏（Āsava）

Kathaṃ?

Akusalasaṅgahe tāva cattāro āsavā: kāmāsavo, bhavāsavo, diṭṭhāsavo, avijjāsavo.

How?

To begin with, in the compendium of the unwholesome, there are four taints:

1. the taint of sensual desire, 2. the taint of (attachment to) existence, 3. the taint of false views, and 4. the taint of ignorance.

如何？首先，在不善之概要裡有四種漏：一、欲漏；二、有漏；三、邪見漏；四、無明漏。

NOTES

Kathaṃ: (adv) how

Akusala: (adj) bad, evil, sinful, unhealthful, unwholesome; unskilled  不善

Saṅgaha: (m) taking, collecting; classification, conjunction, assemblage; compilation, abridgement; favor, kindness  概要，分析，組合，攝

Tāva: (adv) now, just, at once; indeed, really; yet, still

Cattāro, caturo: (m. num) four    (n) cattāri     (f) catasso     gen./dat. catunnaṃ     abl./ins. catūhi

Āsava: (m) oozing, scum; misfortune; human passion, sin, corruption, depravity, taint  漏

Kāma: (m) desire, desired object; sensual pleasures, passion, lust  欲

Bhava: (m) being, existence; birth, origin; renewed existence, Saṃsāra; gain, increase, welfare  有，生

Diṭṭhi: (f) sight, view; the eye; religious belief, doctrine; false doctrine, heresy  見，邪見

Avijjā: (f) ignorance  無明

7.2.2 暴流（Ogha）

Cattāro oghā: kāmogho, bhavogho, diṭṭhogho, avijjogho.

There are four floods:

1. the flood of sensual desire, 2. the flood of (attachment to) existence, 3. the flood of false views, and 4. the flood of ignorance.

四種暴流：一、欲暴流；二、有暴流；三、邪見暴流；四、無明暴流。

NOTES

Ogha: (m) a flood, torrent, inundation, overflow; multitude, quantity

7.2.3 軛（Yoga）

Cattāro yogā: kāmayogo, bhavayogo, diṭṭhiyogo, avijjāyogo.

There are four bonds:

1. the bond of sensual desire, 2. the bond of (attachment to) existence, 3. the bond of false views, and 4. the bond of ignorance.

四種軛：一、欲軛；二、有軛；三、邪見軛；四、無明軛。

NOTES

Yoga: (m) junction, union; method, means, plan, device; application, endeavor, diligence, devotion, mental concentration; relation, order, series; attachment, bond; yoke, yoking, being yoked  結合，軛

7.2.4 繫（Gantha）

Cattāro ganthā: abhijjhā kāyagantho, vyāpādo kāyagantho, sīlabbataparāmāso kāyagantho idaṃsaccābhiniveso kāyagantho.

There are four (bodily) knots:

1. the bodily knot of covetousness, 2. the bodily knot of ill-will, 3. the bodily knot of adherence to rites and ceremonies, 4. the bodily knot of dogmatic belief that ‘This alone is the truth.’

四種繫：一、貪婪之身繫；二、瞋恨之身繫；三、執著儀式（戒禁）之身繫；四、武斷地執取「只有這才是真實的」之身繫。

NOTES

Gantha: (m) a bond, a tie, knot; a literary composition, book  繫，繫縛

Abhijjhā: (f) covetousness  貪婪

Kāya: (m) the body; collection, multitude  身

Kāyagantha: (m) bodily knot  身繫

Vyāpāda: (m) malevolence, hatred, ill-will, fury  瞋恨

Sīla: (n) moral practice, morality, a moral precept; customs, conduct  戒

Vata: (m/n) observance, practice, habit; religious duty or act, rite  儀式

Sīlabbata: (n) religious practice or rites

Parāmāsa: (m) touch, contact, being affected with

Sīlabbataparāmāsa: (m) affection of rites, adherence to rites and ceremonies  執著儀式，戒禁取

Idaṃ: (n) this

Sacca: (n) truth

Abhinivesa: (m) adhering to, inclination to  執持

7.2.5 取（Upādāna）

Cattāro upādānā: kāmupādānaṃ, diṭṭhupādānaṃ, sīlabbatupādānaṃ, attavādupādānaṃ.

There are four kinds of clinging:

1. clinging to sensual desire, 2. clinging to false views, 3. clinging to adherence to rites and ceremonies, 4. clinging to the doctrine of self.

四種取：一、欲取；二、邪見取；三、戒禁取；四、我論取。

NOTES

Upādāna: (n) clinging, attachment; firewood, fuel

Attavāda: (m) assertion of self or individuality, the belief that I and mine exist

7.2.6 蓋（Nīvaraṇa）

Cha nīvaraṇāni: kāmacchandanīvaraṇaṃ, vyāpādanīvaraṇaṃ, thīnamiddhanīvaraṇaṃ, uddhaccakukkuccanīvaraṇaṃ, vicikicchānīvaraṇaṃ, avijjānīvaraṇaṃ.

There are six hindrances:

1. sensual desire, 2. ill-will, 3. sloth and torpor, 4. restlessness and worry, 5. doubt, 6. ignorance.

六種蓋：一、欲欲蓋（欲求欲樂之蓋）；二、瞋恨蓋；三、昏沉睡眠蓋；四、掉舉惡作蓋；五、疑蓋；六、無明蓋。

NOTES

Cha: (num) six

Nīvaraṇa: (n) hindrance, obstacle  蓋，障礙

Chanda: (m) conation, wish; intention; will, resolve; consent, approval  欲

Kāmacchanda: (m) lust  欲求欲樂，欲欲

Thīna: (n) idleness, sloth, dullness  昏沉

Middha: (n) sleepiness, drowsiness, torpor, stupor  睡眠

Uddhacca: (n) restlessness, disquietude, mental distraction or confusion 掉舉

Kukkucca: (n) misconduct; remorse; moroseness, querulousness  惡作，追悔

Vicikicchā: (f) doubt, uncertainty  疑

7.2.7 潛在傾向（隨眠）（Anusaya）

Satt' ānusayā: kāmarāgānusayo, bhavarāgānusayo, paṭighānusayo, mānānusayo, diṭṭhānusayo, vicikicchānusayo, avijjānusayo.

There are seven latent dispositions:

1. attachment to sensual pleasures, 2. attachment to existence, 3. aversion, 4. pride, 5. false views, 6. doubt, and 7. ignorance.

七種潛在傾向：一、欲貪潛在傾向；二、有貪（執著存在）潛在傾向；三、瞋恚（厭惡）潛在傾向；四、我慢潛在傾向；五、邪見潛在傾向；六、疑潛在傾向；七、無明潛在傾向。

NOTES

Satta: (num) seven

Anusaya: (m) inclination, thought, desire  隨眠

Rāga: (m) greed, lust, attachment, human passion, evil desire; dyeing, dye

Paṭigha: (m/n) anger, hatred, aversion  瞋恚

Māna: (m) pride, arrogance, vanity, conceit; honor, respect  慢

7.2.8 結（Saṃyojana）

7.2.8.1 經教法

Dasa saṃyojanāni: kāmarāgasaṃyojanaṃ, rūparāgasaṃyojanaṃ, arūparāgasaṃyojanaṃ, paṭighasaṃyojanaṃ, mānasaṃyojanaṃ,

diṭṭhisaṃyojanaṃ, sīlabbataparāmāsasaṃyojanaṃ, vicikicchāsaṃyojanaṃ, uddhaccasaṃyojanaṃ, avijjāsaṃyojanaṃ, suttante.

There are ten fetters according to the Suttas:

1. attachment to sensual pleasures, 2. attachment to Realms of Form, 3. attachment to Formless Realms, 4. aversion, 5. pride, 6. false views, 7. adherence to rites and ceremonies, 8. doubt, 9. restlessness, and 10. ignorance.

根據經教法，十種結是：一、欲貪結；二、色貪結；三、無色貪結；四、瞋恚結（厭惡結）；五、我慢結；六、邪見結；七、戒禁取結；八、疑結；九、掉舉結；十、無明結。

NOTES

Dasa: (num) ten

Saṃyojana, saññojana: (n) fetter, bond, attachment  結

Rūpa: (n) form, figure, shape; image, representation; the body; beauty; natural state; characteristic  色

Rūparāga: (m) attachment to Realms of Form  色貪

Arūpa: (n. adj) formless, incorporeal, belonging to Arūpabrahmaloka  無色

Arūparāga: (m) attachment to Formless Realms  無色貪

Suttanta: (m) a sutra, a Buddhist scripture

7.2.8.2 論教法

Aparāni dasa saṃyojanāni: kāmarāgasaṃyojanaṃ, bhavarāgasaṃyojanaṃ, paṭighasaṃyojanaṃ, mānasaṃyojanaṃ, diṭṭhisaṃyojanaṃ, sīlabbataparāmāsasaṃyojanaṃ, vicikicchāsaṃyojanaṃ, issāsaṃyojanaṃ, macchariyasaṃyojanaṃ, avijjāsaṃyojanaṃ, abhidhamme.

There are other ten fetters according to Abhidhamma:

1. attachment to sensual pleasures, 2. attachment to existence, 3. aversion, 4. pride, 5. false views, 6. adherence to rites and ceremonies, 7. doubt, 8. envy, 9. avarice, and 10. ignorance.

根據論教法，另十種結是：一、欲貪結；二、有貪結；三、瞋恚結（厭惡結）；四、我慢結；五、邪見結；六、戒禁取結；七、疑結；八、嫉結；九、慳結；十、無明結。

NOTES

Apara: (adj) other; subsequent, following; western   pl. apare

Issā: (f) envy, jealousy, ill-will  嫉

Macchariya, macchera: (n) avarice, niggardliness, selfishness  慳

Abhidhamma: (m/n) higher doctrine, transcendental doctrine  阿毗達摩

7.2.9 煩惱（Kilesa）

Dasa kilesā: lobho, doso, moho, māno, diṭṭhi, vicikicchā, thīnaṃ, uddhaccaṃ, ahirikaṃ, anottappaṃ.

There are ten defilements:

1. greed, 2. hatred, 3. delusion, 4. pride, 5. false views, 6. doubt, 7. sloth, 8. restlessness, 9. shamelessness, and 10. fearlessness of wrongdoing.

十種煩惱：一、貪；二、瞋；三、痴；四、慢；五、邪見；六、疑；七、昏沉；八、掉舉；九、無慚；十、無愧。

NOTES

Kilesa: (m) defilement, impurity, sin, human passion, corruption

Lobha: (m) covetousness, desire, greed, lust  貪

Dosa: (m) anger, hatred  瞋

Moha: (m) delusion, error, folly, infatuation, ignorance; fainting, loss of consciousness  痴

Ahirika: (adj) shameless    (n) shamelessness  無慚

Anottappa: (n) absence of fear of sinning; recklessness, hardness of heart, fearlessness of wrongdoing  無愧

7.2.10 說明

Āsavādīsu pan' ettha kāmabhavanāmena tabbatthukā taṇhā adhippetā. Sīlabbataparāmāso idaṃsaccābhiniveso attavādupādānañ ca tathā pavattaṃ diṭṭhigatam eva pavuccati.

Herein, in the category of taints etc., it is craving that is intended by the terms “attachment to sensual pleasures” and “attachment to existence,” since it has them (i.e. sensuality and existence) as its basis. It is false view that is spoken of as “adherence to rites and ceremonies”, “dogmatic belief that ‘This alone is truth’” and “clinging to the doctrine of self,” because it occurs in such modes.

於此，在漏等當中，「欲」與（執著）「有」是指渴愛，因為它以它們（欲與有）為自己的根基。「執著儀式」、「武斷地認為『只有這個才是真實的』」及「我論取」是指邪見，因為它以這些方式呈現。

NOTES

Ādi: (m) beginning, starting point; -ādi, formed as the latter part of a compound, nearly equivalent to “et cetera”; -ādayo, the compound is in the masc. plural; ādīni, the compound is in the neuter plural  …等

Pana: (adv) now, further; but, on the other hand, on the contrary, however

Ettha: (adv) here; herein; now

Nāma: (n) a name, a noun    ins. nāmena: by name

Taṃ: (pron) it; him

Vatthu: (n) substance, object, thing, matter; occasion, cause; story, narrative; base  依處     abl. vatthuto     (adj) vatthuka

Taṇhā, tasiṇā: (f) craving, lust, desire, human passion

Adhippeta: (pp.) meant, intended, desired

Tathā: (adv) so, thus; also  如是

Pavatta: (pp. pavattati) starting, proceeding, setting out; begun, kept going, kept up, going on; existing; settled, fixed

Diṭṭhigata: (adj) connected with wrong view  有邪見的

Eva, yeva: (adv) just, quite, even, only

Pavuccati: (pass.) to be spoken of, to be called or termed    pres. 3^rd pl. pavuccare  被稱之

7.2.11 總結

Āsavoghā ca yogā ca tayo ganthā ca vatthuto

Upādānā duve vuttā aṭṭha nīvaraṇā siyuṃ.

ChaIevānusayā honti nava saṃyojanā matā

Kilesā dasa vutto' yaṃ navadhā pāpasaṅgaho.

By way of entity, the taints, floods, bonds, and knots are threefold.

There are two kinds of clinging spoken of and eight hindrances.

Latent dispositions are six. Fetters should be understood as nine.

The defilements are ten. This compendium of evil is stated as nine-fold.

依各別法，漏、暴流、軛、與繫各屬於三種。

所說的取是兩種，而蓋是八種。

潛在傾向只是六種，而當知結是九種。

煩惱是十種。如是不善之概要有九個部份。

NOTES

Tayo: (num. m.) three   loc. tīsu     (f) tisso     (n) tīṇi

Duve, dve, dvi-, di-, du-, dvā-, bā-: (num) two

Vatti: to speak, say; speak to, address   pp. vutta, utta    aor. avoca  說

Aṭṭha: (num) eight

Atthi: to be, exist       opt. 3^rd pl. siyuṃ, assu, siyaṃsu

Hoti, bhavati: to be, exist, become; take place, befall; behave    ger. hutvā

Nava: (num) nine

Maññati: to think, suppose, imagine, consider, esteem, know, believe, understand   pp. mata: thought, considered, believed, understood, known

Ayaṃ: (pron. nom. m/f) this

Navadhā: (adv) nine-fold, in nine ways

Pāpa: (adj) evil, bad, wicked, sinful   (n) evil, sin, demerit   (m) a sinner  惡