Chapter V   Vīthimuttasaṅgahavibhāgo（離心路過程之概要）

5.3 四種結生（Paṭisandhicatukkaṃ）

5.3.1 綜覽

Apāyapaṭisandhi, kāmasugatipaṭisandhi, rūpāvacarapaṭisandhi, arūpāvacarapaṭisandhi cā ti catubbidhā hoti paṭisandhi nāma.

Rebirth is fourfold - namely, (i) rebirth in a woeful state, (ii) rebirth in a blissful sense-sphere, (iii) rebirth in a rūpāvacara plane, and (iv) rebirth in an arūpāvacara plane.

結生有四種，即：

一、惡趣結生；

二、欲善趣結生；

三、色界結生；

四、無色界結生。

NOTES

Paṭisandhi: (m/f) entering the womb in a new existence, conception, rebirth, transmigration; rebirth-linking  結生

Apāya: (m) going away, departure; disappearance, loss; misfortune, ruin; state of suffering or punishment  惡趣

Kāma: (m) desire, desired object; sensual pleasures, passion, lust  欲

Sugati: (f) happy condition; being reborn in heaven; heaven  善趣

Rūpāvacara: (m) realm or world of Form, Form-Sphere  色界

Arūpāvacara: (m) realm or world of Formlessness  無色界

Catubbidha: (adj) fourfold

Bhavati, hoti: to be, exist, become; take place, befall; behave    ger. hutvā

Nāma: (adv) by name; indeed  名為；著實

5.3.2 惡趣結生（Apāyapaṭisandhi）

Tattha akusalavipāk' opekkhāsahagata-santīraṇaṃ apāyabhūmiyaṃ okkantikkhaṇe paṭisandhi hutvā tato paraṃ bhavaṅgaṃ pariyosāne cavanaṃ hutvā vocchijjati. Ayam ekā v' āpāyapaṭisandhi nāma.

Therein the immoral resultant investigating consciousness, accompanied by indifference, becomes the relinking (consciousness) at the moment of descent into a woeful state. Then it lapses into bhavaṅga and finally it becomes the decease (consciousness) and is cut off. This is the one single woeful rebirth.

其中，在投生至惡趣地的那一刻，不善果報捨俱推度心成為結生（心）。隨後即沉入有分，最後再成為死亡（心）及被切斷。這是唯一的惡趣結生。

NOTES

Tattha, tatra: (adv) there; thither; in that case; now; in that, therein

Akusala: (adj) bad, evil, sinful, unhealthful; unskilled, unable  不善

Vipāka: (m) result, resultant, product, consequence; good result, fruit, profit, reward; evil result, retribution  果報（心）

Upekkhā, upekhā: (f) indifference to pain and pleasure, equanimity, resignation  捨

Sahagata: (adj) accompanying or associated with, joined to; connected with, based upon, imbued with, characterized by  俱

Santīraṇa: (n) investigation, decision; as technical term denoting a stage in the act of sense-cognition, judging an impression; investigating  推度

Apāyabhūmi: (f) the woeful plane  惡趣地

Okkantī: (f) descent, falling upon

Khaṇa: (m/n) a moment; a brief measure of time; leisure; right moment, opportunity  剎那

Tato: (adv) hence, subsequently, thereafter; from that place or time; further

Paraṃ: (adv) beyond, after    [+abl.]

Tato paraṃ: (adv) afterwards

Bhavaṅga: (n) life-continuum; factor of existence  有分

Pariyosāna: (n) termination, ending

Cavana: (n) death, disappearance

Vocchijjati: to be cut off

Ayaṃ: (pron. nom. m/f) this

Eka: (adj) one, single; alone; a certain; the same; chief; unique

5.3.3 欲善趣結生（Kāmasugatipaṭisandhi）

5.3.3.1 欲善趣的結生

Kusalavipāk' opekkhāsahagata-santīraṇaṃ pana kāmasugatiyaṃ manussānañ c' eva jaccandhādi-hīnasattānaṃ bhummassitānañ ca vinipātikāsurānaṃ paṭisandhi-bhavaṅga-cutivasena pavattati.

Mahāvipākāni pan' aṭṭha sabbatthā pi kāmasugatiyaṃ paṭisandhi-bhavaṅga-cutivasena pavattanti.

Imā nava kāmasugatipaṭisandhiyo nāma.

Sā pan' āyaṃ dasavidhā pi kāmāvacarapaṭisandhicc' eva saṅkhaṃ gacchati.

The moral resultant investigating consciousness, accompanied by indifference, persists as the relinking, life-continuum and decease (consciousness) of degraded human beings of the blissful sense-sphere, such as those born blind and so forth and also of earth-bound fallen asuras.

The eight great resultants act as the relinking, life-continuum, and decease (consciousness) everywhere in the blissful sense-sphere.

These nine comprise rebirth in the blissful sense-sphere.

The (foregoing) ten modes are reckoned as rebirth in the Kāmāvacara plane.

善果報捨俱推度心能轉起為欲善趣地裡瞎眼等先天殘缺的人類、（某些）地神與墮苦處阿修羅的結生、有分與死亡（心）。

八大果報心能轉起為一切欲善趣地的結生、有分與死亡（心）。

這九種是欲善趣的結生。

（至此所述的）十種是欲界結生。

NOTES

Kusala: (adj) skillful, expert, clever; lucky, happy, prosperous; good, right, virtuous, meritorious, wholesome  善

Manussa: (m, adj) a human being, human

Jaccandha: (adj) born blind

Ādi: (m) beginning, starting point; -ādi, formed as the latter part of a compound, nearly equivalent to “et cetera”; -ādayo, the compound is in the masc. plural; ādīni, the compound is in the neuter plural  …等

Hīna: (adj) low, bad, inferior; poor, wretched; forsaken, deprived; decayed

Satta: (m) a being, creature, animal, sentient being, man

Bhumma: (adj) terrestrial

Sita: (pp) bound; clinging, devoted; resting upon

Bhummassita: (adj) earth-bound

Vinipātika: (adj) fallen; this term is applied to beings belonging to the four apāyas, some of whom, by good actions, obtain release from the worst condition of their apāya existence, as that of the yakkhinī Uttaramātā, who having listened to a discourse of Buddha became a Sotāpannā

Asura: (m) an Asura, a Titan or fallen angel  阿修羅

Cuti: (f) disappearance, vanishing, death, decease; leaving one world to be born in another  死亡

Vasena: (ins. of vasa; used adverbially, either with a gen. or as the last part of a compound) according to, for the sake of, on account of, by means of, for, as

Pavattati: to arise, begin, take place; start, set out; roll or flow onwards; become, be, exist; go on, proceed, be kept up    pp. pavatta

Mahāvipāka: (m/n) great resultant  大果報（心），即八個欲界（美心）果報心

Aṭṭha: (num) eight     gen./dat. aṭṭhannaṃ

Sabbathā: (adv) in every way, thoroughly  全部

Imā: (pron. pl.) these

Nava: (num) nine

Dasa: (num) ten

Vidha: (m) part, fold; kind, sort; form, measure  部分，種類

Saṅkhā, saṅkhyā: (f) calculation; number, sum, numeral; understanding, reason, intelligence

Gacchati: to go, go to, proceed; depart

Saṅkhaṃ gacchati: to be reckoned as, to be called or termed

5.3.3.2 欲地裡的壽元

Tesu catunnaṃ apāyānaṃ manussānaṃ vinipātikāsurānañ ca āyuppamāṇagaṇanāya niyamo natthi.

Cātummahārājikānaṃ pana devānaṃ dibbāni pañca-vassa-satāni āyuppamāṇaṃ. Manussagaṇanāya navuti-vassa-sata-sahassappamāṇaṃ hoti.

Tato catugguṇaṃ tāvatiṃsānaṃ, tato catugguṇaṃ yāmānaṃ, tato catugguṇaṃ tusitānaṃ, tato catugguṇaṃ nimmānaratīnaṃ, tato catugguṇaṃ paranimmitavasavattīnaṃ devānaṃ āyuppamāṇaṃ.

Navasatañ c' ekavīsa vassānaṃ koṭiyo tathā vassa-sata-sahassāni saṭṭhi ca vasavattisu.

There is no definite limit to the duration of life of beings born in woeful states, amongst humans and fallen Asuras.

The age-limit of gods of the realm of Four Kings is 500 celestial years, that is, according to human reckoning 9,000,000.

The age-limit of the Thirty-three gods is four times this amount. The age-limit of Delightful gods is four times that of the Thirty-three. Four times that amount is the age-limit of the gods who delight in their creations. Four times that amount is the age-limit of those who lord over the creation of others.

In the plane of those who lord over others’ creation the age-limit, according to human reckoning, is nine hundred and twenty-one koṭis of years plus sixty-hundred-thousand years.

四惡趣裡的眾生、人類及墮苦處阿修羅的壽元沒有固定的界限。

四大王天諸神的壽元是五百天年，依人類的壽命來計算，則是人間的九百萬年。

三十三天諸神的壽元是這數目的四倍。夜摩天的天神的壽元則是三十三天裡的四倍。兜率天的天神的壽元則是夜摩天裡的四倍。化樂天的天神的壽元則是兜率天裡的四倍。他化自在天的天神的壽元則是化樂天裡的四倍。

依人類的壽命來計算，他化自在天的天神的壽元是人間的九十二億一千六百萬年。（9,210,000,000+6,000,000=9,216,000,000）

NOTES

Catu: (num) four     gen./dat. catunnaṃ

Āyu: (n) life  壽命

Pamāṇa: (n) measure, rate, scale, length, size, weight, etc.

Gaṇanā: (f/n) counting, calculation; number

Āyuppamāṇa: (n) life-span  壽元

Niyama: (m) ascertainment, certainty; restraint; a self-imposed religious observance, voluntary performance of a meritorious act  法則，規定，限制

Atthi: to be, exist    neg. natthi: there is (are) not, not exist     pres. 3^rd pl. santi

Cātummahārājika: (adj) belonging to the realm of the Four Great Kings  四大王天

Deva: (m) a god, a celestial being, an angel; a king; a cloud, the sky, the air

Dibba: (adj) celestial, heavenly, angelic, divine     (m) a deva

Pañca: (num) five

Vassa: (m/n) a year; rain

Sata: (n. num) a hundred

Navuti: (f. num) 90, ninety

Sahassa: (f. num) a thousand

Guṇa: (m) a time, a quality; property; virtue, merit, excellence; a string

Catugguṇa: (adj) four times, fourfold

Tāvatiṃsa: (adj) belonging to the realm of Thirty-three gods  三十三天（帝釋天）

Yāma: (adj) belonging to the realm of Yāma gods  夜摩天

Tusita: (adj) belonging to the Delightful realm  兜率天

Nimmānarati: (adj) belonging to the realm of the gods who rejoice in creation  化樂天

Paranimmitavasavatti: (adj) belonging to the realm of the gods who wield power over the creation of others  他化自在天

Vīsa, vīsati: (f. num) 20, twenty

Ekavīsa: (f. num) 21, twenty-one

Koṭi: (f) ten million; point, tip, end, extremity; top, summit; eminence, excess

Tathā: (adv) so, thus; also  如是

Saṭṭhi: (f. num) 60, sixty

5.3.4 色界結生（Rūpāvacarapaṭisandhi）

5.3.4.1 色界的結生

Paṭhamajjhānavipākaṃ paṭhamajjhānabhūmiyaṃ paṭisandhi-bhavaṅga-cutivasena pavattati.

Tathā dutiyajjhānavipākaṃ tatiyajjhānavipākañ ca dutiyajjhānabhūmiyaṃ, catutthajjhānavipākaṃ tatiyajjhānabhūmiyaṃ, pañcamajjhānavipākaṃ catutthajjhānabhūmiyaṃ. Asaññasattānaṃ pana rūpam eva paṭisandhi hoti. Tathā tato paraṃ pavattiyaṃ cavanakāle ca rūpam eva pavattitvā nirujjhati.

Imā cha rūpāvacarapaṭisandhiyo nāma.

The first jhāna resultant occurs in the first jhāna plane as relinking, life-continuum, and decease (consciousness); similarly the second jhāna resultant and the third jhāna resultant in the second jhāna plane; the fourth jhāna resultant in the third jhāna plane; the fifth jhāna resultant in the fourth jhāna plane. But for mindless beings material form itself occurs as rebirth. Similarly thereafter, during lifetime and at the moment of decease, only material form exists and perishes.

These six are the modes of rebirth on the rūpāvacara plane.

初禪果報心生起於初禪天為結生、有分與死亡（心）；同樣地，第二及第三禪果報心生起於第二禪天；第四禪果報心生起於第三禪天；第五禪果報心生起於第四禪天（為結生、有分與死亡心）。但對於無想有情，色法本身生起為結生。同樣地（在結生之後的）一世裡直至死亡，也只有色法在生滅。

這些是色界的六種結生。

NOTES

Paṭhama: (adj) first, foremost; earliest, previous; principal, chief, best  第一

Jhāna: (n) meditation, contemplation; religious meditation; ecstasy, trance  禪

Paṭhamajjhānavipāka: (m/n) the first jhāna resultant  初禪果報（心）

Paṭhamajjhānabhūmi: (f) the first jhāna plane  初禪天

Dutiya: (adj) second  第二

Tatiya: (adj) third  第三

Dutiyajjhānabhūmi: (f) the second jhāna plane  第二禪天

Tatiyajjhānabhūmi: (f) the third jhāna plane  第三禪天

Catuttha: (adj) fourth  第四

Catutthajjhānabhūmi: (f) the fourth jhāna plane  第四禪天

Asaññasatta: (adj, m) unconscious; mindless being  無想有情天

Rūpa: (n) form, figure, shape; image, representation; the body; beauty; natural state; characteristic  色

Pavatti: (f) flow onwards, going on; affairs; occurrence, incident; news, tidings; practice, conduct; beginning, setting on foot, establishment; existence, being (Here pavatti refers to all thought-processes that occur during the course of one’s lifetime.)  轉起；存在

Kāla: (m) time; right time, due season; meal time; death     The loc. kāle at the end of a compound may often be rendered by “when.”

Nirujjhati: to cease, perish, be destroyed or annihilated    pp. niruddha  壞滅

Cha: (num) six

5.3.4.2 色界裡的壽元

Tesu brahmapārisajjānam devānaṃ kappassa tatiyo bhāgo āyuppamāṇaṃ. Brahmapurohitānaṃ upaḍḍhakappo, mahābrahmānaṃ eko kappo, parittābhānaṃ dve kappāni, appamāṇābhānaṃ cattāri kappāni, ābhassarānaṃ aṭṭha kappāni, parittasubhānaṃ soḷasa kappāni, appamāṇasubhānaṃ dvattiṃsa kappāni, subhakiṇhānaṃ catusaṭṭhi kappāni, vehapphalānaṃ asaññasattānañ ca pañcakappasatāni, avihānaṃ kappasahassāni, atappānaṃ dve kappasahassāni, sudassānaṃ cattāri kappasahassāni, sudassīnaṃ aṭṭha kappasahassāni, akaniṭṭhānaṃ soḷasa kappasahassāni āyuppamāṇaṃ.

Among these the age-limit of the gods of ‘Brahma’s Retinue’ is one-third of an aeon; of ‘Brahma’s Ministers’ is half an aeon; of ‘Mahā Brahama’ is one aeon; of ‘Minor Lustre’ two aeons; of ‘Infinite Lustre’ four aeons; of ‘Radiant gods’ eight aeons; of ‘Minor Aura’ 16 aeons; of‘Infinite Aura’ 32 aeons; of ‘Steady Aura’ 64 aeons; of ‘Great Reward’ and ‘Mindless Beings’ 500 aeons; of ‘Durable gods’ 1,000 aeons; of ‘Serene gods’ 2,000 aeons; ‘Beautiful gods’ 4,000 aeons; of ‘Clear-sighted gods’ 8,000 aeons; of ‘The Highest gods’ 16,000 aeons.

當中，梵眾天梵天的壽元是三分之一（中）劫；梵輔天的是二分之一（中）劫；大梵天的是一（中）劫；少光天的是二劫；無量光天的是四劫；光音天的是八劫；少淨天的是十六劫；無量淨天的是三十二劫；遍淨天的是六十四劫；廣果天與無想有情天的是五百劫；無煩天的是一千劫；無熱天的是兩千劫；善現天的是四千劫；善見天的是八千劫；色究竟天的是一萬六千劫。

NOTES

Brahmapārisajja: (m/adj) belonging to the retinue of Mahābrahma  梵眾天

Kappa: (m) time, a vast period, age, cycle, aeon  劫

Bhāga: (m) a portion, part, share

Kappassa tatiyo bhāgo: one-third of a Kalpa

Brahmapurohita: (m) minister or priest to Mahābrahma

     (adj) belonging to the realm of Brahma’s Ministers  梵輔天

Upaḍḍha: (adj) half, partial

Mahābrahma: (m) the Great Brahma  大梵天

Parittābha: (adj) of minor brilliancy  少光天

Dve, dvi-, di-, du-, dvā-, bā-: (num) two

Appamāṇābha: (adj) of infinite splendor  無量光天

Cattāro, caturo: (m. num) four    (n) cattāri     (f) catasso

Ābhassara: (adj) shining, radiant  極光淨天（舊譯光音天）

Aṭṭha: (num) eight

Parittasubha: (adj) of limited splendor  少淨天

Soḷasa: (num) 16, sixteen

Appamāṇasubha: (adj) of infinite beauty or glory  無量淨天

Dvattiṃsa: (num) 32, thirty-two

Subhakiṇṇa, subhakiṇha, subhakiṇṇaka: (adj) filled and pervaded with radiance  遍淨天

Catusaṭṭhi: (num) 64, sixty-four

Vehapphala: (adj) very fruitful  廣果天

Pañcakappasatāni: 500 Kalpas

Aviha: (adj) not falling away; not thinking; belonging to the Durable realm  無煩天

Atappa: (adj) not scorched, not worried or distressed; belonging to the Serene realm  無熱天

Sudassa: (adj) easily seen, obvious; belonging to the Beautiful realm  善現天

Sudassī: (adj) seeing well; belonging to the Clear-sighted realm  善見天

Akaniṭṭha: (adj) greatest, highest, sublime belonging to the Highest realm  色究竟天

5.3.5 無色界結生（Arūpāvacarapaṭisandhi）

5.3.5.1 無色界的結生

Paṭham' āruppādivipākāni paṭhamāruppādibhūmisu yathākkamaṃ paṭisandhi-bhavaṅga-cutivasena pavattanti.

Imā catasso āruppapaṭisandhiyo nāma.

The first arūpa jhāna resultant and others occur respectively on the first and other arūpa planes as relinking, life-continuum and decease (consciousness).

These are the four modes of Rebirth on the arūpa plane.

第一無色禪果報心在第一無色禪天裡生起為結生、有分與死亡（心）；同樣地，其餘的（無色禪果報心）亦於各自的界執行相同的作用。

這些是無色界的四種結生。

NOTES

Āruppa: (adj) formless, incorporeal, belonging to Arūpabrahmaloka  無色

Yathākkamaṃ: (adv) in due order, successively  依序

5.3.5.2 無色界裡的壽元

Tesu pana ākāsānañcāyatanūpagānaṃ devānaṃ vīsati kappasahassāni āyuppamāṇaṃ. Viññāṇañcāyatanūpagānaṃ devānaṃ cattāḷīsa kappasahassāni, ākiñcaññāyatanūpagānaṃ devānaṃ saṭṭhi kappasahassāni, nevasaññānāsaññāyatanūpagānaṃ devānaṃ caturāsīti kappasahassāni āyuppamāṇaṃ.

Among them the age-limit of gods who have attained to the “Realm of Infinity of Space” is 20,000 aeons; of those who have attained to the “Realm of Infinity of Consciousness” is 40,000 aeons; of those who have attained to the “Realm of Nothingness” is 60,000 aeons; of those who have attained to the “Realm of neither Perception nor non-Perception” is 84,000 aeons.

當中，生於空無邊處的梵天的壽元是兩萬劫；生於識無邊處的梵天的壽元是四萬劫；生於無所有處的梵天的壽元是六萬劫；生於非想非非想處的梵天的壽元是八萬四千劫。

NOTES

Upaga: (adj) going to, entering on, undergoing

Ākāsānañcāyatana:（Ākāsa + ananta (anañca)+ āyatana）(n) infinity, endlessness, boundlessness; the Realm of Infinite Space  空無邊處

Viññāṇañcāyatana:（Viññāṇa + anañca (省略 ana 音) + āyatana）(n) the Realm of Infinite Consciousness  識無邊處

Cattāḷīsa, cattārīsa: (f. num) 40, forty

Ākiñcaññāyatana: (n) the Realm of Nothingness  無所有處

Nevasaññānāsaññāyatana: (n) the Realm of Neither Perception nor Non-Perception  非想非非想處

Caturāsīti: (num) 84, eighty-four

5.3.6 總結

Paṭisandhi bhavaṅgañ ca tathā cavanamānasaṃ

Ekam eva tath' ev' ekavisayañ c' ekajātiyaṃ.

Idam ettha paṭisandhicatukkaṃ.

The Relinking consciousness, life-continuum consciousness, and the decease consciousness in one (particular) birth are similar and have an identical object.

Herein this is the Fourfold Rebirth.

在某一生當中的結生心、有分心及死亡心是相同的，且緣取同一個目標（所緣）。

於此，這些是四種結生。

NOTES

Mānasa: (n) the mind; intention, purpose  心

Visaya: (m) an object of sense; realm, domain, range, sphere, scope; district, region, country

Jāti: (f) birth, rebirth, renewed existence; lineage, family, caste; sort, variety

Ettha: (adv) here; herein; now

Catukka: (adj) consisting of four, fourfold