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2016/02/22 11:22:31瀏覽2042|回應8|推薦67 | |
說文解字(28):英文中幾個比較常見的原形外來字詞 我們有時讀到聽到長相和發音都怪異的英文字詞, 主要源自拉丁文,Google 中列出數以百計。大半英文字 源自外文, 其百分比: 拉丁文 28.34; 法文28.3;中古英文和 荷蘭文 25, 希臘文5.32. 大多數的外來文進入英文後, 其拼音變成英文化, 有些 卻保持外文原樣.。 下列我選出三十多個較常見到聽到的英文中原樣的外來文,予以造句解釋, 希望能增加我們的了解。 未注明來源者屬拉丁文。 如有解釋不妥, 歡迎來文討論。 ad hoc: For this/special purpose 為這/特定/專項目的。 This is my ad hoc donation to the victims of the earthquake 這是我 給地震受難者的專項捐贈。 affidavit: a written statement confirmed by oath or affirmation, for use as evidence in court.書面誓言 ─ 常供作法庭證據。 You need to provide an affidavit of support for sponsoring your brother’s immigration to the U.S.A. 你申請你兄弟的移民來美, 需出具生活保證書 (affidavit of support). alibi: elsewhere 在他處 ─ 犯罪嫌疑人提供不在案發現場的證明/據。The suspect provided an alibi for the night of the murder. 嫌疑人提供謀殺案發當晚不在場的證據。 alumnus, alumni: 男校友, alumnus 單數; alumni 複數。 Alumni 可通指男女校友全部, 就如 they 可通指男女的他們。 alumna, alumnae: 女校友, alumna 單數, alumnae 複數。 alter ego: another I or another self 另一個自己 ─ 我的 化身。如你發現一個人的性格理念同你很相像, 你可以說: He is my alter ego. 他是我的化身。 bona fide: in good faith, sincerely. 真實的, 誠懇的, 如: This is a bona-fide copy of the original letter of credit. 這是信用狀原本的真實拷貝。 . He is the bond fide title holder to this land 他是這塊土地抬頭(主權)的真實擁有人。 caveat emptor: let the buyer beware 買方小心/謹慎。 出售高價值或易有暇疵的物品, 如房屋汽車等, 有時賣方會註明: AS IS, 即原樣出售, 對售後情況不負責, 這樣注明, 就是要買方自己提高警惕的 caveat emptor 用意。 caveat 可單獨用。 circa 或ca. 或 c. : around 大約。 如: This house was built ca.1900 這房屋大約是1900 年造的。 也可寫作 c. 1900. coup d’etat:, 也常簡稱 coup: 政變, 常指武力推翻政權或在位者。Some south American countries’ military stages a coup now and then. 南美洲的一些國家的軍人時而發動政變。 de facto: in fact, in reality, actual existence, as a matter of act, 既成的,實質上, 實際上存在的。 The cohabitating men and women are couples de facto. 同居的男女是實質上的夫婦。 déjà vu (法文):the experience of perceiving a new situation as if it had occurred before 似曾相識。 Climbing to this hilltop gives me a sense of déjà vu. . 走到這小山頂給我似曾相識的感覺。 e.g. (exempli gratia): for example 例如/比如。 I love Chinese food, e.g., dim sum, kong bao chicken and orange beef 我喜歡中菜, 例如 點心,宮寶雞、 陳皮牛。 etc. (et cetera): and the rest, in modern usage, used to mean “as so on” or “and more”. 中文裡, 等於 「等等」。The King and I 一片中, 暹邏(今泰國)國王從他宮廷的女教師學會 et cetera, 喜愛不已, 常掛嘴上, 很逗趣。 fait accompli: an accomplished fact, a done deal; a thing already done 已成就/造成的事實 。His success in climbing from the bottom to the top is a fait accompli 他從底層爬到頂層是已成就的事實。This is a fait accompli, nothing we could do to change it. 這是已造就/發生的事情, 我們無法改變它。 i.e. (id est): that is/it is 就是/那就是。 The declaration of surrender by the Japanese emperor means Japanese troops must lay down their arms, i.e., Japanese troops must stop fighting. 日皇宣示投降意味日軍必須放下武器, 那就是日軍必須停止戰鬥。 in toto: as a whole, absolutely, completely 整個、絕對的、完全的。 In spite of some defects, this is a well built house in toto. 盡管有些瑕疵, 整體而言, 這是棟蓋得很好的房子。 The value of the parts of a disassembled car is worth more than the car in toto. 一輛拆散舊車的部件價值大於整車。 mano a mano (西班牙文): in direct competition or conflict especially between two people. 直接的競爭、衝突, 尤其指兩人間。The two boxers are engaged in mano a mano fight. 兩個拳擊手在進行對打。 per annum: by the year, in or for each year 每年。 A country’s GDP is measured on the basis of per annum. 一國的總生產量是以年為準計算的。 per capita: by head 以人頭計。 The per capita income of this city is the highest one in the nation 此市的個人所得是全國最高的。 per diem: by the day 以日計。 Employees’ travel expenses are reimbursed on a per diem basis. 員工的旅費計日償還。 per se: by or in itself、 of itself 本身 (僅以個別本身判斷), 本質上。 Judge not a person by appearance per se. 不可以貌取人, 人不可單以貌相。The commander is not a pacifist per se, but he is in favor of peaceful solutions when practicable 指揮官本質上不是一個和平主義者, 但是只要可行他寧願和平解決。 persona non grata: person non-welcome; unacceptable person, 不受歡迎人物。 The ambassador has been declared a persona non grata by the host country. 大使被住在國宣布為不受歡迎人物。 He is a persona non grata. 他是個不受歡迎的人物。 prima facie: at first sight, on the face of it 初步/表面印象 This is the prima-facie evidence obtained by the police. 這是警方得到的初步證據。 . pro rata: proportionately, in proportion按比例 . The dividend will be paid pro rata to the numbers of shares held. 股利將按所持股數付出。 pros and cons: advantages and disadvantages 利弊。 We are discussing the pros and cons of the gas heating system. 我們在討論瓦斯暖氣系統的利弊。注: pros 與 cons 可分開來用在句中 – The pros is that it is cheaper. 好處是它較便宜。The cons is that it is less stable。 壞處是它較不穩定。 pseudo (希臘文):not genuine; pretended, fake非真實/假裝/冒充的。 We are talking about a real hero, not a pseudo one. 我們談論的是一個真的英雄, 不是冒牌的。 He appears to be a pseudo intellectual。 他狀似一個智識份子(實際上不是)。 quasi: resembling, seeming, but not really 類似 但事實上不是。 The United States Postal Service is a quasi governmental agency. 美國郵局是類似政府單位的機構。 quid pro quo:one thing for another, something for something 條件交換。 You help me build my house, I help you build yours. 你幫我蓋屋, 我幫你蓋屋。 If you stop smoking, I will increase your allowance. 你如停止吸煙, 我會增加你的零用錢。 ron de vu 或ronde vu 或 Rendez-vous (法文):發音 [raan-day-voo]: 會見/會合處。當年俄國和美國的太空船在太空銜接,媒體上就用此字。 Let's ronde vu at the train station at 7:00 p.m. . 讓我們下午七點在火車站碰頭。 status quo: the existing state of affairs 事物的現狀。 Most of Taiwanese prefer Taiwan to remain status quo 大部分台灣人寧可(比較喜歡)台灣保持現狀。 I don’t like change, I like my status quo of living style 我不喜歡改變, 我喜歡我現在的生活方式。 tete- a- tete (法文) : a private conversation or interview between two persons 兩人私語’、獨處或親近獨處,意義 接近 vis-a-vis。 The two lovers had a tete a tete in the garden 兩個情人在花園中耦耦私語。The mother and the daughter had a tete-a-tete talk in a closed room. 母女在房間內關起門來談話。 versus (Vs.): against, as opposed to. facing 對比, 對敵, 面對。Tomorrow's game will be the blue team versus the the white team. 明天的比賽是籃隊對白隊。vice versa: the positions being reversed , the reverse is true 反之亦然。 Lions dislike hyenas, vice versa. 獅子不喜歡豺狼(鬣狗), 反之亦然。 vis- a- vis (法文): face to face 面對面: The plaintiff and the defendant sat vis a vis in the court. 原告和被告在法庭中面對面而坐。 |
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