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2023/09/08 14:49:15瀏覽129|回應0|推薦2 | |
水的特性:H2O 近氧端帶正電,近氫端帶負電,以 氫鍵 弱結合,是故有表面張力等。在4度時,水分子靠得最近,密度最高;更低時,結構變整齊而密度降低。也因為有極性,是世界上最強的溶劑。有很高的比熱能,故能緩衝溫度。 功能:1維持細胞水平衡 2 調節體溫 3 運送養份和廢物 4 潤滑和保護組織 5神經傳導和細胞通訊 腎臟是重要的平衡器官,包括維持人體水量、血壓、電解質濃度、酸鹼值。人體約有9公升的血液,每天約通過腎臟20-25次,亦即一天大約會過濾180公升以上的血液。腎臟本身約150克,含有100萬個腎元(由腎絲球和腎小管組成)。水量不足,電解質濃度增加,滲透壓變大,細胞縮水;反之亦然(正常的後續處理)。但如果一次喝太多水或每日超過10公升,腎臟來不及處理,鈉離子濃度太低,細胞水腫,可能導致水中毒(低滲透壓性低血鈉)。 水份攝取量依每個人的年齡、體型、性別、體重、體質、工作性質、季節變化而有所不同。正常的腎臟會根據身體的滲透壓、血鈉濃度,身體總水量等去調控尿量。如果喝太多了,腎臟自然會把多餘的水份排出來,喝太少了,就會感覺口渴,自然會去找水喝。正確的水份攝取,可維持人體基礎新陳代謝功能,保持心血管穩定正常運作,促進體內排毒。如果喝太少了,腎臟可藉由排出較濃縮的尿液,將體內水份調整在最佳狀況。然而在身體覺得缺乏水份情況下,即使「抗利尿荷爾蒙」全力分泌,也只能將尿液濃縮至每公斤800至1400毫莫耳滲透壓,所以在正常的新陳代謝下,每天至少要有1000毫升的尿液,才能排除當天所製造的廢棄物。 補充水份,也要顧及腎臟工作量。一般腎功能正常的人,建議每日總攝取水量:成年男性3.7公升(美國平均體重90公斤),成年女性2.7公升(美國平均體重75公斤),其中包含食物中至少20%的水攝取量。因此,每公升體重*30 應該是合理的,且包含所有飲料。且要平均喝,儘量勿一次大量喝水。天熱或運動都需要額外補充水份。觀察尿液顏色和口渴。 https://fitonapp.com/guides/hydration-guide/ 一般而言,20%的水來自飲食,80%是其他補充。Even juices, milk, coffee, and tea can contribute to your hydration as they are composed mostly of water. Beware of drinks with added sugar and/or alcohol, as they typically provide more calories than hydration. Sports drinks with electrolytes can also be helpful as these minerals can help shuttle water into the cells. 水量不足,會引起許多問題,包括負面情緒,甚至是飢餓的錯覺。 The U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine determined that an adequate daily fluid intake is about 15.5 cups (3.7 liters) of fluids a day for men and about 11.5 cups (2.7 liters) of fluids a day for women. Ultimately, your water needs depend on many other factors such as your age, gender, body weight, pregnancy/breastfeeding, physical activity, diet, caffeine and alcohol consumption, health status, etc. Athletes and those who exercise frequently, for example, should hydrate more often throughout the day in addition to right before, during, and after a workout. (男性需水量高於女性) A “Motivational Water Bottle” is a great strategy as the bottle lists a timeline to help you keep track of your water intake. Gauge your hydration by examining the color of your urine — it should be a nice pale yellow (think lemonade). |
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