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人類理解論(二十八)
2013/12/12 06:27:56瀏覽888|回應0|推薦11

第二卷 概念(Book II: Of Ideas)有三十三章;第二十七章 唯一性差異性(Chapter XXVII: Of Identity and Diversity)----這一節繼續辯證辯證人格唯一性的組成及人的唯一性人格唯一性的差異~~~

  • 絕對失去意識的分離是這被遺忘的人格者,而不是(被遺忘的)(Absolute oblivion separates what is thus forgotten from the person, but not from the man.) 不過(指前述----自我是基於覺識,不是基於實體----的論點)還是會被反對,---假設我完全失去了我的生活中一些部分的記憶,也不具有再恢復他們(部份自我)的可能性,因此也許我將不再能意識到他們(部份自我); 那麼,那些我曾經,實施那些行動,意識到的思考,縱然我現在已經忘掉了他們(部份自我) ,我就不是以前的相同人格者?But yet possibly it will still be objected, – Suppose I wholly lose the memory of some parts of my life, beyond a possibility of retrieving them, so that perhaps I shall never be conscious of them again ; yet am I not the same person that did those actions, had those thoughts that I once was conscious of, though I have now forgot them ?)對這個問題我回答,我們在這裡必須注意所應用的“”這個字;在這個例子,僅是只指這個相同的被假設為相同的人格者,這裡”也就容易被認為是代表相同的人格者。但如果有可能相同的在不同的時候有明確不可傳遞的覺識(那麼) 相同的在不同的時候,造成不同的人格者,是毫無可疑的;這裡,我們看到,人類做出在他們的主張最莊嚴地宣示,就是這種理念,人類的法律不懲罰失智的當作神志清醒人的行動,也不會不懲罰神志清醒的人當作失智的所為,--所以使他們成兩個人格者: 經由我們英語的說法或許能說明,當我們說如此一個人:“不是他自己,或是離開了自己”; 現在這樣說,或至少第一次使用他們的人,在這些片語巧妙指出,認為那個自我已經改變了;相同自我人格者不再存於這個人的實體,以為同一的人格者是脫離了那個人的。To which I answer, that we must here take notice what the word I is applied to ; which, in this case, is the man only. And the same man being presumed to be the same person, I is easily here supposed to stand also for the same person. But if it be possible for the same man to have distinct incommunicable consciousness at different times, it is past doubt the same man would at different times make different persons ; which, we see, is the sense of mankind in the solemnest declaration of their opinions, human laws not punishing the mad man for the sober man’s actions, nor the sober man for what the mad man did, – thereby making them two persons : which is somewhat explained by our way of speaking in English when we say such an one is « not himself, » or is « beside himself » ; in which phrases it is insinuated, as if those who now, or at least first used them, thought that self was changed ; the self same person was no longer in that man.
  • 人的唯一性人格者的唯一性之間的差異(Difference between identity of man and of person.) 不過依然難以理解蘇格拉底相同的個,必須是兩個人格者。我們必須考量蘇格拉底,或相同的個的意涵是什麼,有助於我們的瞭解這個(相同的個的意涵)。(But yet it is hard to conceive that Socrates, the same individual man, should be two persons. To help us a little in this, we must consider what is meant by Socrates, or the same individual man.
  1.  第一點,必須是相同的個非物質的能思想的實體;簡單的說,相同數值的的靈魂,僅此而已。(First, it must be either the same individual, immaterial, thinking substance ; in short, the same numerical soul, and nothing else.
  2. 第二點,或是相同的動物,全然無關於非物質的靈魂。(Secondly, or the same animal, without any regard to an immaterial soul.
  3. 第三點,或是相同的非物質精神結合相同的動物。(Thirdly, or the same immaterial spirit united to the same animal.

現在,不論你喜歡採用那一個假設,人格唯一性的組成不是任何事物只在於覺識;或不超出覺識之外。Now, take which of these suppositions you please, it is impossible to make personal identity to consist in anything but consciousness ; or reach any further than that does.因為,依據她們的第一個假設,一個人在不同的時間,為不同的婦人們所生,而且在久遠的時間裡,仍可能是相同的人----必須被承認是可能的。 任何承認這種說法的人,就必須得承認----相同的可以是不同的兩個人格者,如兩個生活在不同時代,不具有另一個的思想訊息----是可能的。(For, by the first of them, it must be allowed possible that a man born of different women, and in distant times, may be the same man. A way of speaking which, whoever admits, must allow it possible for the same man to be two distinct persons, as any two that have lived in different ages without the knowledge of one another’s thoughts.依據第二和第三(假設)蘇格拉底,在這一生和(這一生)以後的,只依靠相同的覺識,不能以任何方式是相同的; 並因此使人類的唯一性組成相同的事物,在其中我們加入人格的唯一性,這就不難使得相同的就成為相同的人格者。(By the second and third, Socrates, in this life and after it, cannot be the same man any way, but by the same consciousness ; and so making human identity to consist in the same thing wherein we place personal identity, there will be no difficulty to allow the same man to be the same person.然而既然這樣,那麼他們認定人類的唯一性僅在於覺識,而不在於別的一種東西,他們必須考量如何才能使嬰兒期的蘇格拉底和復活後的蘇格拉底成為相同的。然而無論如何對一些人們()思考到,然後接續到相同的個,到此或許少數人會同意,人格的唯一性可以被我們認定不是別的僅是覺識,(只有覺識創作出我們所謂的自我),而不會使我們陷於有重大的邏輯荒謬錯誤。(But then they who place human identity in consciousness only, and not in something else, must consider how they will make the infant Socrates the same man with Socrates after the resurrection. But whatsoever to some men makes a man, and consequently the same individual man, wherein perhaps few are agreed, personal identity can by us be placed in nothing but consciousness, (which is that alone which makes what we call self,) without involving us in great absurdities.

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這一節繼續更深入的探討先前第二十六節已經論證過 : 相同的非物質實體(靈魂),沒有相同的覺識,縱然經由與任何肉體相連合,不再形成相同的人格者 應該安排在一起才能一氣呵成完整的論述,但,UDN Blog的程式對每篇文章位元數的限制不得不分割  這段論述也可以幫助我們辯證,可以更細膩清晰的瞭解所謂的前世今生所衍生的各種可能的意涵概念集合”-----人格唯一性各種元素不具備時,所謂轉世的意義何在了??        唯一可能的意義----就是自欺欺人”!!

 

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