第二卷 論概念(Book II: Of Ideas)有三十三章;第二十七章 論唯一性和差異性(Chapter XXVII: Of Identity and Diversity)----這一章涉及意識、物質實體、精神、獨立個人的原則(Principium Individuationis.)、時間和空間相關聯繫如何形成差異性等精細概念的辯證,也是非常的精彩的一章---這一節是辯證能思考實體的改變是否會改變人格的唯一性??
- 實體改變中的人格唯一性 (Personal identity in change of substance.) 這就是如此,我們在我們真實的身體就有一些證據,所有的分子,都是有生命的結合成這個相同能思考有覺識的自我,因而當他們(真實的身體)被觸及,和被冒犯,以及覺識到對他們的善意及傷害我們感受到,成為我們自己,也就是我們思想覺識自我的一部分。因此,他身體的肢體就是他自己真實的一部分;他同情並關心他們。 砍掉一隻手,就因此將它(手)和他具有它的(手的)熱、冷和其他感覺分離開了,則它(手)便不再是他自己的一部分,如同最遙遠的部分物質。這樣,我們就瞭解,人格的自我此時組成的實體,在另一時段是可能改變的,並不改變人格的唯一性;對相同的人格者也是毫無疑問的,雖然各種肢體是它(人格者)的一部分,現在被割除了(依然是相同的人格者)。(That this is so, we have some kind of evidence in our very bodies, all whose particles, whilst vitally united to this same thinking conscious self, so that we feel when they are touched, and are affected by, and conscious of good or harm that happens to them, as a part of ourselves ; i.e. of our thinking conscious self. Thus, the limbs of his body are to every one a part of Himself ; he sympathizes and is concerned for them. Cut off a hand, and thereby separate it from that consciousness he had of its heat, cold, and other affections, and it is then no longer a part of that which is himself, any more than the remotest part of matter. Thus, we see the substance whereof personal self consisted at one time may be varied at another, without the change of personal identity ; there being no question about the same person, though the limbs which but now were a part of it, be cut off.)
- 實體改變中的人格(Personality in change of substance.) 不過這問題是,如果相同實體的思想改變了,是否它(實體)還能是這個相同的人格者;或者,(實體)保持不變,它(人格者) 不同的多種人格者?(But the question is, Whether if the same substance which thinks be changed, it can be the same person ; or, remaining the same, it can be different persons ?)對此我回答:首先,對那些人(笛卡爾派)將“思想”存放於一種純粹物質的動物組織中這是全然沒有問題的,(因為)沒有非物質的實體。 (And to this I answer : First, This can be no question at all to those who place thought in a purely material animal constitution, void of an immaterial substance.)因為,不論他們的(笛卡爾派)假設是否真實,而我們依然分明看到,他們認知人格的唯一性除了實體的唯一性外還保存於其他的一種東西中; 就如動物的唯一性只保存於生命的唯一性中,而並非保存於實體中。(For, whether their supposition be true or no, it is plain they conceive personal identity preserved in something else than identity of substance ; as animal identity is preserved in identity of life, and not of substance.)因此,那些人們(笛卡爾派)只將”思想”安放在於非物質的實體中,他們(I.E. 是指質問:” 如果相同實體的思想改變了,是否它(實體)還能是這個相同的人格者”這個問題的人)能和這些人們(笛卡爾派)來討論之前,必須說明為何人格的唯一性不能保存於非物質的實體變化以後,或(為何不能保存於) 多樣化特殊非物質的實體中,以及動物的唯一性是可以保存於改變後的實體物質:除非他們會說,是由非物質的精神造成畜牲類相同的生命,就如同一個非物質的精神在人類造成相同的人格者; 至少這是笛卡爾派不會承認的,因為害怕造成畜牲類也成為有思想的事物。 (I.E. 笛卡爾(René Descartes)的二元論: 心靈是非物質的實體,能思維而不占空間;物質是物質實體,占有空間而不思維;二者互不決定,互不派生,而人類具有物質實體及非物質的實體的二元性!!)(And therefore those who place thinking in an immaterial substance only, before they can come to deal with these men, must show why personal identity cannot be preserved in the change of immaterial substances, or variety of particular immaterial substances, as well as animal identity is preserved in the change of material substances, or variety of particular bodies : unless they will say, it is one immaterial spirit that makes the same life in brutes, as it is one immaterial spirit that makes the same person in men ; which the Cartesians at least will not admit, for fear of making brutes thinking things too.)
- 是否思考實體的改變還是一個相同的人格者(Whether in change of thinking substances there can be one person.) 但下一步,有關問題的第一部份,如果相同的思考實體改變了(假設只有非物質的實體能思想),它(思考實體)是否還是相同的人格者?我回答,那是不能解決的只有經由那些知道他們(非物質的實體)能真實思考的是什麼樣的實體;而且是否能將過去行動的覺識由一個思考實體傳轉到另一個(思考實體)。我承認,如果相同的覺識是相同的個別行動它(覺識)是不能(傳轉)的:不過它(覺識)既然只是對過去行動的一個現在象徵物,為什麼它(覺識)不可能,可能被呈現到心中的是過去真正未存在過的,將繼續顯示。(But next, as to the first part of the question, Whether, if the same thinking substance (supposing immaterial substances only to think) be changed, it can be the same person ? I answer, that cannot be resolved but by those who know what kind of substances they are that do think ; and whether the consciousness of past actions can be transferred from one thinking substance to another. I grant were the same consciousness the same individual action it could not : but it being a present representation of a past action, why it may not be possible, that that may be represented to the mind to have been which really never was, will remain to be shown.)因此過去行動的覺識是在多遠的範圍和個別行為者相合併,以至使其他的(個別行為者)不可能具有它(過去行動的覺識),對我們是很難決定的,在我們知道它是一個什麼樣的沒有知覺的反省行動伴隨它(過去行動的覺識)的行動,以及如何經由能思想的實體運作,我們不能在沒有覺識到它(過去行動的覺識)時思考。 ( And therefore how far the consciousness of past actions is annexed to any individual agent, so that another cannot possibly have it, will be hard for us to determine, till we know what kind of action it is that cannot be done without a reflex act of perception accompanying it, and how performed by thinking substances, who cannot think without being conscious of it.) 不過我們稱之謂相同的覺識,不是相同的個別行動,為何一個有智慧的實體不可能代表它(相同的個別行動),將它(個別行為者)所未曾做的,就當為經由它 (個別行為者) 本身完成的,或許可能經由其他的行為者完成--為什麼,我認為,這樣的表示沒有可能的是沒有事實的本體,如同夢中的那些表述,然而正在作夢時我們當為真實—將很難從事物的本質中得到推論。( But that which we call the same consciousness, not being the same individual act, why one intellectual substance may not have represented to it, as done by itself, what it never did, and was perhaps done by some other agent – why, I say, such a representation may not possibly be without reality of matter of fact, as well as several representations in dreams are, which yet whilst dreaming we take for true – will be difficult to conclude from the nature of things.)它(先前論述的)決不會是如此,將伴隨我們,直到我們對能思考實體的本性有更清晰的見解,最好歸終於上帝的慈悲;只要他的(上帝的)有理智的創造物任何的幸福或痛苦和它(覺識)有關, 上帝 ,不會,任憑他們(個別行為者)的致命的錯誤,由一個(人)轉移到另一個(人) 這個覺識是可以引起的獎賞或懲罰伴隨它(個別行動)。( And that it never is so, will by us, till we have clearer views of the nature of thinking substances, be best resolved into the goodness of God ; who, as far as the happiness or misery of any of his sensible creatures is concerned in it, will not, by a fatal error of theirs, transfer from one to another that consciousness which draws reward or punishment with it. ) 這可能的一個論據有多大程度能對抗那些將思考置放於動物精神瞬間即逝系統中的人們,我留給(別人)考究。然而,回到我們面前的問題,假設相同的覺識(這個,如以前所說,是和相同實體中的幾何圖形或運動完全不同的事物)能由這一種思想的實體轉移到別一個(能思想的實體) 必須被承認,它那麼兩種能思想的實體亦仍然可能成為只能是一個人格者。因為相同的覺識能被保存,不論保存於相同或不同的實體中,人格的唯一性就可以保存。(How far this may be an argument against those who would place thinking in a system of fleeting animal spirits, I leave to be considered. But yet, to return to the question before us, it must be allowed, that, if the same consciousness (which, as has been shown, is quite a different thing from the same numerical figure or motion in body) can be transferred from one thinking substance to another, it will be possible that two thinking substances may make but one person. For the same consciousness being preserved, whether in the same or different substances, the personal identity is preserved.)
注意 : 這一段是約翰·洛克很精密細膩的利用人格的唯一性反證笛卡爾(René Descartes)二元論的”根本矛盾” 。 但是,在這個人格唯一性的論點,為何他認為覺識是可以由”過去動物性的人實體”移轉到” 現在動物性的人實體”;至於為何不會發生在不相同的” 動物性的人實體”間轉移了? 他歸因於上帝的慈悲。 基本上約翰·洛克是承認他的人類理解論各種論點是架構在一種”說不清楚”的一種東西(something)上-----而上帝是”一種東西(something)”很恰當的總結,更理性的說法可以將上帝替代為” 大自然的絕對”(absolute of the Nature)。
語言及文字是文化的基礎載體,是一種思考及邏輯模式的反射----”華夏巫術文化”所發展出的”圖形”文字,在敘述”比較”精確細膩概念時,總是”卡卡的”不順暢,有心人最好還是要閱讀原文來掌握約翰·洛克的辯證邏輯!!
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