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茶與溫度~製茶時
2014/05/13 13:53:11瀏覽17157|回應12|推薦0

製茶時

◎日光萎凋(製烏龍茶為例)

 

日光萎凋的方法用笳笠或麻布埕舖在室外空地,將採收的茶菁堆置其上,每平方公尺0406公斤,經由日光曝曬,促使水分蒸發,以促進酵素之繁殖。日照溫度35°C40°C時,經2030分鐘,其間攪拌35次,至重量減少達15%25%為宜。但台灣自無黃麻栽培後,原料短缺,已改用塑膠布代替麻布埕,大型工廠多使用塑膠布,而家庭式製茶廠則以笳笠為主,亦配合塑膠布的使用。

 

日曬溫度低於28°C以下或雨天時,宜以熱風萎凋、紅外線萎凋代替日光萎凋。主要是利用熱風萎凋機,將茶菁平均攤放在萎凋槽內,萎凋槽每平方公尺062公斤,熱風溫度35°C38°C,萎凋2050分鐘,期間宜輕翻茶菁24次,使萎凋均勻,雨水菁則宜多翻幾次。

 

◎室內萎凋(靜置與攪拌或稱浪菁):

 

主要在促進發酵,以引發茶菁適當的物理與化學變化,達到葉片的葉緣因部分發酵變紅而中心部分仍呈綠色的特殊狀態,並引發特殊的茶葉香味。攪拌是利用兩手將茶菁翻動,使茶菁相碰磨擦引發葉緣細胞的破壞,促進茶葉的氧化並使水分能平均繼續蒸散。

 

將日光萎凋後的茶菁移入室內,並把茶菁放入笳笠上攤後才加以攪拌,每次攪拌2分鐘,靜置6090分鐘,攪拌45次。如室內溫度26°C30°C時,則歷時510小時,使減重率為20%30%為宜。

 

◎殺菁:

或稱釜炒,係以強烈高溫來破壞茶菁內的氧化酵素,使之停止發酵並促使水分大量流失。將室內萎凋後的茶菁放入手炒鍋或圓筒式殺菁機中殺菁,手炒鍋每次投入茶葉0406公斤,圓筒式殺菁機則每次投入茶葉312公斤,其溫度160°C時,經過815分鐘,使重量減少率達到35%40%,完成殺菁後將茶菁取出,之後裝入茶袋或角斗,靜置1520分鐘。戰後大茶廠多使用安平鎮式釜炒機以機器殺菁,由兩個半圓形的鐵鍋連結,上有鐵製炒手前後翻轉茶菁,下鍋則由人工為之,這種釜炒機至1970年代後則被長形圓筒長鍋(通常稱為甲種殺菁機)(炒菁機錶溫250270℃)取代,而家庭式茶廠則以圓筒殺菁機行之。

 

◎乾燥:

目的在去除茶葉水分,並停止釜炒中尚未停止的氧化酵素活動,令茶葉緊縮形狀良好,同時使香味充分發揮,便儲藏與搬運,至此結束粗茶的製造。利用焙籠或乙種乾燥機(手拉式)為揉捻解塊後的茶菁乾燥,焙籠的攤葉量為2公斤,溫度須維持在85°C110°C,乾燥時間4060分鐘;乙種乾燥機的攤葉量亦為2公斤,溫度則為85°C120°C,乾燥時間2535分鐘;減重率達75%76%為宜。

 

◎再乾與焙火

再乾與焙火都須靠溫度來降低茶葉含水量,並使吸濕膨鬆的條索更緊結。香氣不足的茶葉有必要經由烘焙技術來提高其品質,產生火香外,茶葉化學成分在高熱下加速氧化縮合作用,亦使澀味減低,但也相對地降低茶湯的活性,並使水色轉為紅褐色。烘焙的溫度以100120℃為宜(120℃為最上限)。若超出150℃,茶葉極易碳化焦化,而帶有強烈的火味,水色呈暗紅色,滋味淡薄而微酸,喪失茶的本味。


視茶葉乾濕度,預先調整起步溫度:

1、濕度偏低時:焙具風口應關閉。溫度可由80℃焙起,海拔高低及本身品質亦應考慮耐火,茶屬有機素高者,所謂無雜味,透光性,走水順者。溫度假設起焙時80℃,則聞後可關閉風口,半小時後聞之,如則再關閉風口,一小時後,視情形加溫調整90℃100℃,依前面方法順利漸進至110℃

2、濕度偏高時:焙具風口應全開。溫度應由低溫將茶葉烘乾再固定正常起焙溫度。

3、濕度適度時:焙具排風口開。

 

◎走「清」

 

走「清」:新茶或是剛檢枝好的,因水份含量高,應由低溫(6070℃)漸進,溫度不得超過原焙乾溫度(低海拔以100℃,高海拔以120℃),使其發揮半發酵茶之特質。

走輕火:新茶水份高由低溫漸進6080℃起至100℃時,開風口停留一小時,漸退,放置過之茶葉,則須先將茶葉去除雜味,照上述方法。

茶葉烘焙溫度與外觀變化:

 

1)、色:
色澤來源主要來自葉綠素,因烘焙過程因溫度而改變。由翠綠-黃褐-紅褐-黑褐。80℃無差別,好茶只要80℃水份含量無差別,100℃光澤消失,12024小時變黃褐,以上葉底還能全開,1402小時變紅褐、葉底半開,(等於1601小時)。

 

※ 焙茶溫度超過130℃有燃燒的危險。再加長時間變黑褐色,葉底不開。茶黃素(質)後氧化的關係變茶紅質,120℃2小時以下纖維不會變死,以上會變死,顏色變黑褐色已碳化,味道火味,茶也部份燃燒。135℃只在外銷茶、飲料茶原料烘焙時看過。

 

2)、香:

台灣茶能在世界保持不敗的地位就靠香。茶是活的,在丟棄之前香氣、滋味持續在變,輕發酵茶要清香非菁香,發酵不足、炒菁不足的菁香容易變,焙火時不易入火,殺菁時要捉香,香氣不足的用焙火來提高香氣。香氣的變化:清香→蜜香→焦糖香→炒米香→火味→火焦味→火碳味。焙茶時茶會變酸是因為兒茶素遇熱的關係,炒米香至火香靠梅納反應〔還原糖與氨基酸在高溫時結合〕蜜香與焦糖香是焦糖化作用〔糖直接熬就有焦糖香〕

 

3)、味:
味要的是活性,但茶愈焙活性愈低。

 

4)、苦與澀:
苦焙不掉,澀可以因焙火而降低,有時茶愈焙愈苦是因為澀味降低而感覺愈苦,再焙下去澀還會提高,感覺又回復。

 

◎摘錄至《台灣茶百科全書》

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