理則學練習09.10 範例 (取自梅子姐) - ஜ無限世界ஜ

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理則學練習09.10 範例 (取自梅子姐)

2007/12/07 18:36:38瀏覽319｜回應0｜推薦1

9-A-2. Some concerts are not boring.

題目翻譯：有些音樂會不是無聊的。

標準定言形式：有些音樂會不是無聊的藝文活動。

9-B-7. Africans never are Hindus, since only non-Hindus are Egyptians, and Egyptians always are Africans.

非洲人從不是印度人，因為只有非印度人是埃及人，而埃及人都是非洲人。

「非洲人從不是印度人」，其標準的定言語句為：「沒有非洲人是印度人」。

「只有非印度人是埃及人」，可轉譯為：「所有埃及人是非印度人」，

再經過質述反轉，可得：「沒有埃及人是印度人」。

「埃及人都是非洲人」，其標準的定言語句為：「所有埃及人是非洲人」。

因此整個論證是如下：

大前提：沒有埃及人是印度人

小前提：所有埃及人是非洲人

結　論：沒有非洲人是印度人

以"M"表"中詞埃及人"；"S"表"小詞非洲人 "；"P"表"大詞印度人"，論證簡化如下：

大前提：沒有M是P

小前提：所有M是S

結　論：沒有 S是P

figure是figure3

mood是EAE

由范恩圖可知論證無效。

10-A-1. Whatever Allie likes, Bud likes. Allie likes nothing that Cal likes. Everything Dan likes, Cal likes. So Bud likes nothing Dan likes.

"Whatever Allie likes, Bud likes. "的定言語句為：

"All things that Allie likes are things that Bud likes."

"Allie likes nothing that Cal likes"的定言語句為：

"No things that Cal likes are things Allie likes."

"Everything Dan likes, Cal likes."的定言語句為：

"All things that Dan likes are things that Cal likes."

"Bud likes nothing Dan likes."的定言語句為：

"No things Bud likes are Dan likes."

論證為：

1. All things that Allie likes are things that Bud likes

2. No things that Cal likes are things Allie likes

3. All things that Dan likes are things that Cal likes

結論： No things Bud likes are Dan likes

以"A"表"things that Allie likes"；以"B"表"things that Bud likes"；以"C"表"things that Cal likes"；以"D"表"things that Dan likes"論證簡化為：

前提1.All A are B

前提 2.No C are A

前提 3.All D are C

結論：No B are D

論證無效。