本文譯自德國之聲, 2013/02/28,

Rising doubts about Japan’s official radiation figures

作者Julian Ryall(Japan Correspondent for The Daily Telegraph)

最近發生的世界第二次最嚴重核能意外，兩週年的這時，公民團體開始質疑政府提供的福島第一核能廠附近地區污染數據的正確性。

As the two-year anniversary of the world's second-worst nuclear accident nears, citizen groups are questioning the accuracy of the government's contamination data for the area around the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear plant.

廣野優子，2012年3月11日，目睹福島縣第一核電廠在驚人的大地震中爆炸的連續景象；「感覺自己像是正在看電影，看起來像是幻想，很難相信是真的，但是我必須說服自己去相信它真的發生了，而且要實際去想怎樣保護自己和家人。」她對德國之聲這樣說：「樂觀反應這樣的情況當然是比較容易的，而我也努力去面對現實。」

As she watched footage of the first nuclear reactor located in Fukushima Prefecture exploding in the aftermath of the devastating earthquake on March 11, 2012, Yuko Hirono said it felt as if she were watching a movie. "It was unreal - it was hard to believe, but I had to try to make myself believe it and think realistically what I should do to protect myself and my family," she told DW. "It would have been much easier to react to the situation optimistically, but I tried to be a realist."

失控的核電廠

Not under control

廣野女士因此和她的蘇格蘭先生、女兒移居到蘇格蘭西南部的葛列斯科港；她認為那個核電廠失控了。她對於官方和專家提供資訊的正確性，也沒多少相信。

Hirono has since moved to Glasgow with her Scottish husband and their daughter because she believes the situation at that plant is "not under control." She also has little faith in the accuracy of information provided by the authorities.

有些日本當地住民認為，直到今天，情況還沒能控制。日本東北地區之外的很多人，直接受到輻射性落塵影響；他們在那裡生活，像是這件嚴重災難結束了。但是，有些志工團體正在努力進行自己的監測觀察，並且在網路上分享他們發現的資料。

Some Japanese residents believe the situation is still not under control Today, most people outside the northeastern areas of Japan directly affected by the nuclear fallout are going about their lives as if the crisis were over. Yet some volunteer groups are conducting out their own monitoring efforts and sharing the data on websites.

「我們相信仍然在高度污染區生活的人是身處危險的。」公民原子能信息中心東京總部發言人松洼甫說。他說明獨立自主的研究，發現福島和郡山，這兩個完全在政府強制隔離區之外的城市，仍然暴露在高輻射中。

"We believe it is dangerous for people still living in highly contaminated areas," said Hajime Matsukubo, a spokesman for the Tokyo-based Citizens' Nuclear Information Center (CNIC). He points to independent studies indicating that people in Fukushima and Koriyama – cities well beyond the exclusion zone imposed by the government – are still exposed to high levels of radioactivity.

「國際輻射防護委員會確定的，每年一毫西弗特劑量的程度，是大量研究調查的結果。」松洼先生說：「即使冒險沒這樣高，福島縣的居民應該沒必要去接受這樣的輻射。」

"The level of a 1 millisievert dose per year, which has been set by the International Commission on Radiological Protection, is the result of a lot of research," Matsukubo said. "And even if the risk is not so high, people from the Fukushima Prefecture should not have to accept that."

居民對自己暴露在輻射中感到憂慮，松洼先生這樣補充說明，雖然科學家、醫生和政府告訴他們住在這樣的地區是安全的。

People are worried about exposure, he adds, even though scientists, doctors and the government tell them it's safe to live in these areas.

政府提供在隔離區和附近的遠距監視報告，但是公民原子能信息中心懷疑這些資料和數據的正確性。

The government provides information from remote monitors in and around the exclusion zone, but CNIC questions the accuracy of the data.

簡單易懂的數據

Easily understandable data

「監視站附近地區的輻射污染也許已經去除了。」松洼先生說：「我們深感憂慮的是這些數量被接受為大氣輻射和暴露的標準。」公民原子能信息中心呼籲專家從各種源頭蒐集有效大氣輻射數據，而且可以簡單明白，在一個網站上公布，以確認農地污染的程度。

"There is a possibility that areas around the monitoring posts have already been decontaminated," Matsukubo said. "We are deeply worried that these numbers are being accepted as official air radiation levels and used to estimate exposure." CNIC is calling on authorities to gather air radiation data from all sources and make it available - and easily understandable - on one website to determine the degree of contamination of agricultural land.

很多調查研究仍然需要確認農地污染的情況，不少專家這樣警告，無論如何今天的估算以後會被發現是有限的，例如輻射塵大約需要五年時間在地表下沉到一個深度，那時就會汙染馬鈴薯和根菜類作物的生長。

Plenty of research is still need to determine the contamination of agricultural land Experts warn, however, that assessments made today may be of limited later as it takes about five years for radiation to sink to a depth in the ground at which point it can affect potatoes and other root crops.

「在第一年期間的幾項錯誤措施之後，食物監測計劃現在看來是要防止上述污染管制區的大多數食物進入超市，所以即使像往常一樣過著自己的生活的人必須受到保護，以避免大部分可預防的內服輻射感染。」在東京輻射標準工作的安東尼奧‧波特拉表示；東京輻射標準，是一個在Facebook公告每日輻射數據的團體。

"After several blunders during the first year, the food monitoring program now seems to be preventing most food above contamination limits from reaching supermarkets, so even people living their lives as usual should be protected from most of the avoidable internal exposure," said Antonio Portela with the Tokyo Radiation Levels, a group that provides daily radiation data via Facebook.

野生蘑菇、莓果，野外獵獲的肉類、柑橘類水果、以及東北海岸捕獲的淡水魚、底層魚，特別被關注。

There is particular concern over wild mushrooms and berries, wild game meat and citrus fruits as well as fresh-water fish and demersal fish caught off the northeast coast.

「我可以理解，計算污染和如何影響食物鏈可以容許一個合理的準確推量，例如，使用專門的官方數據。」波特拉表示：「但是，這樣做，要取得這樣可用的資料，是曠日費時的。」

"I think that it's possible to have a reasonably accurate idea of the extent of the contamination and how it has affected the food chain, for example, by using exclusively official data," Portela said. "But the way in which the information is available makes this operation very time-consuming."

波爾特拉認為，現在必須做的是明白警告：東日本關東地區和東北地區一些縣境食物項目，顯然有升高的汙染程度。「民眾需要知道，這樣的處境──」他說：「在未來數年或數十年都不會改變。」

What's needed, Portela argues, is a clear warning that some food items from the Kanto region in eastern Japan and some prefectures in the northeastern part of the country are showing elevated contamination levels. People need to know, he said, that this "situation is not going to change during the coming years or decades."

有幾個縣和地方當局已經和輻射監測單位網路連線，包括日本核能管理局、文部省、東京都公共衛生學院、國立應用輻射科學研究所。

Several Japanese state and local authorities have Internet links to radiation monitoring information, including Japan's Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA), the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health and the National Institute for Radiological Sciences.

人民的健康應最優先考慮

Putting people's health first

核能管理局公共事務部副主任青山淑子，相信提供給社會大眾的資料「有幫助。」

Yoshiko Aoyama, deputy director of the NRA policy review and public affairs division, said she believed information provided to the public "has been helpful."

田中俊一局長十二月間曾在有關核能安全的福島縣行政會議中演講，青山淑子引他的話，表示政府的目標「把人們的身體健康擺在第一」並且要建立「一種依據堅實的科學而非政治或經濟考慮的，客觀和嚴格的管理制度。」

She cited a speech by NRA Chairman Shunichi Tanaka to the Fukushima ministerial conference on nuclear safety in December. In that speech, Tanaka said the authorities aim to "put people's health first" and to establish "an objective and rigorous regulatory system based on hard science rather than political or economic considerations."

但是，仍然有大量未完成的工作待解決；這些努力成果的確認，，一些公民團體已經提出疑問。

But a vast amount of work remains to be done, and some citizen groups have raised questions about the efforts made to date.

「過去兩年，我看過一些人以濕抹布擦拭窗戶、用水管沖洗聚積在廢鎮道路上的泥漿。」工程師約瑟夫‧莫羅斯，也是專門蒐集和更新福島核災資料的日本安全計算網站志工說：「這樣看起可能好一點點，但是要清除銫的汙染效果有限──你無法總是能用掃把清除東西。」

"I've seen guys with wet rags wiping off windows and hosing down driveways of mud collected in vacant towns over the last two years," said Joe Moross, an engineer and volunteer with Safecast Japan. "It might look a bit better, but it's doing very little to get rid of the cesium contamination. You can't get rid of something like that with a broom."

克服恐懼

Overcoming fears

他提示，清除銫需要剷除已經表面已經汙染的頂層，一些主要道路已經這樣做過。

Removing cesium, he noted, would require carving off the top layer of affected surfaces, a process that has been done on some of the main roads.

專家們承認，居民回到撤離地區的家之前，他們需要克服自己對一些看不到、聽不到、聞不到和嚐不味道的東西恐懼。「民眾實在不知道安不安全，如果他們不覺得安全他們就不會回去。」約瑟夫‧莫羅斯說：「很多人也憂慮，政府對於人民和健康的興趣，可能不如經濟和商業利益。」

Experts admit that before people will return to their homes in the evacuated areas, they'll need to overcome their fears of something they can't see, hear, taste or smell. "People just don't know whether or not it's safe and if they don't feel safe, they won't return," said Moross. "Many also worry that the government may be more interested in economics and business than in people and health."