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Excerpt:《祁克果語錄 III‧體驗篇》
2022/07/16 06:12:33瀏覽258|回應0|推薦9
Excerpt:《祁克果語錄 III體驗篇》

《祁克果語錄》共有4篇,分別是人性篇、文學篇、體驗篇、宗教篇。

書名:祁克果語錄 III體驗篇
編譯者:陳俊輝
出版社:揚智
出版日期:19936

Excerpt
〈論絕望〉

絕望是死病:絕望是心靈之病,是自我之病。因此,它可能採行三種形式:未曾意識到擁有自我的絕望 (不應稱它為絕望的絕望);不欲成為自己的絕望;欲成為自己的絕望。


絕望是利益,還是障害?由純粹辯證的角度來看,它兩者都是。如果純就抽象意念來講絕望,而不思及任何實際生活中的絕望者;那麼,我們可以說,絕望是一項極大的利益。這一項疾病的可能性是一種利益,使人超乎獸類:它遠比直立姿勢更使人有別於獸類,因為,它意涵著心靈的無限直立與崇高。
這一項疾病的可能性是一種利益,使人超乎獸類;而,對這項疾病的強烈感受,則是基督徒的利益,使他超乎自然人。從這項疾病痊癒,則是基督徒的至福。因之,能夠絕望,乃是一種無限的利益;然而,陷於絕望,則不但是最大的不幸,而且是永劫,是毀滅。


〈瞭解〉

選擇本身,對於性格内容是具有決定性的。性格透過選擇,就能埋首於所遴選的事物中;當它一不選擇時,就會在耗損中衰退下去。
它好像是一刹那間的事;在一刹那間,就一個被作為選擇對象的事物而言,它看來像是被擱在選擇者的身外。選擇者和它並無任何關係;他也能對它保持一種漠然的態度。這便是考慮的瞬間;不過,就像柏拉圖的刹那,它是沒有任何存在的。至少,你之能握緊住它,乃是在抽象意義上說的;而一個人愈是長久凝視它,它的存在就愈短暫。
必須被遴選的事物,和選擇者處於一種最深摯的關係中;且當成為一個包涵生命難題的問題時,個人自然而然就必須生存在其間。因此,這件事便隨之產生:他愈長久拖延這項選擇,他就愈容易去改變它的性徵。而堪值注意的是,他刻正持續不斷地在思慮、又思慮;而且相信,他藉此即正執握住任何一方所選擇的各部分。
當生命的或作此/或作彼,被用這種方式來認定時,一個人便不容易試想去揶揄它。於是,一個人便了解到:性格的内在傾向,是不會留給諸思想實驗任何的時間的,而且,它是不斷趕著外馳的,並且在任何一方面,也肯定這項兩者擇一;不然,就是在下一個刹那時,更難以作這樣的選擇。因為,已被斷定的事物,必須加以廢止。……
對我來說,對選擇的刹那是很認真的,這並不全是因為那包涵在衡量這項兩者擇一裡的嚴密考慮,也不是由於附著在鍵環中每個扣環之諸思想的多樣性,而是因為在運轉中深具危險性。這項危險性是:下個剎那,同樣或許是不是我的能力所能選擇的;它乃是已被實行過、也須再度被實行的事物。
想想:一個人能在一瞬間内,為他的性格保有一段空白,或嚴格的說,一個人能打斷、並促使個人生命過程的中止,這乃是一種妄想。在一個人作選擇之前,性格業已對選擇產生了興趣。而,當選擇有所遲延時,性格就會作無意識地選擇;要不然,在它裡面諸暗昧不明的勢力就會作出選擇。所以,到了最後,一作出選擇之時,一個人就會發現 (除非,如我以前所評論的,性格已完全地揮發),有某種東西必須再度被完成,某種東西必須被廢止;而,這經常是很困難的。……
所以,在時間中選擇、又選擇,是重要的。


〈愛〉

直接的愛,包涵著具有美麗幻想形式的永恆性;不過,它卻不是有意要奠基在永恆 () 上。因此,它就會被「改變」。即使不改變,但由於憑賴著好運氣,它就一直會保有變化的可能性。不過,如果運氣會改變,則幸福也同樣會改變——這個幸福,是在我們一想到永恆,若欠缺哀愁,便無法被考慮到的東西——;那麽,它就像帶有一股令人打顫的諺語:「幸福在它已『形成』時,它就『存在』了」。
這就是指,只要幸福業已存在、或曾經存在,就可能有一種改變;僅當它一過去,一個人才會說:它存在過。「一個人只要它正活著,就不要稱他是幸福者」;只要他正活著,他的命運就可能改變。只當他一死,而且,當他活著之際,幸福不曾捨棄他時,一個人才能夠知道:他曾經是幸福的。
僅凡存在著的,僅凡沒有遭受任何改變的東西,在它本身之外,總有改變的可能性。改變總是可能的;即使到了最後的時刻,也會來到。然而,未到生命結束時,人都會說:「改變不曾來臨」——,不然,或許它就來到了。並未遭受改變的東西,當然具有「連續性」;不過,它並未擁有「不變性」。只要它有連續性,它便存在;然而,它若經由改變而獲得了不變性,它便無法和自身同時出現。因此,它要不是很快樂的沒意識到這種不均衡,便是易於哀愁了。因為,永恆是唯一能夠,而且變成,並且持續和每個時代同時存現的事物。
……
Therefore this spontaneous love has, in the sense of the beautiful imagination, the eternal in itself, but it is not consciously grounded upon the eternal and thus it can be changed. Even if it was not changed, it still can be changed, because it is indeed good fortune, but what is true of happiness is true of good fortune, which, when one thinks of the eternal, cannot be thought of without sadness, just as "Happiness is when it has been" is said with a shudder. That is to say, as long as it lasted or existed a change was possible; not until it is past can we say that it lasted. "Count no man happy as long as he is living.” As long as he is living, his fortune can change; not until he is dead and fortune has not left him while he lived, not until then is it manifest that he-has been happy. That which merely exists, which has undergone no change, continually has change outside itself; it can continually supervene, even in the last moment it can happen, and not until life has come to an end can we say: Change did not take place-or perhaps it did. Whatever has undergone no change certainly has existence, but it does not have enduring continuance; insofar as it has existence, it is; but insofar as it has not gained enduring continuance amid change it cannot become contemporary with itself and in that case is either happily ignorant of this misrelation or is disposed to sadness. Only the eternal can be and become and remain contemporary with every age…


直接的愛,會在本身之中被改變;它會被改變成它的對立物,即變成「恨」。恨是一種已變成它對立物的愛;即一種業已滅亡的愛。
在根底上,愛是不斷的燃燒;不過,這種火焰,卻是屬於恨。僅當愛被燒盡,恨的火焰也才會止熄。曾如有關舌頭的傳言:「祝福與咒詛,同時由口中發出」;所以,我們也必須說:愛與恨 (),是同樣的愛。不過,正因為它是相同的愛,因而,在永恆的意義上,它便不是真愛。真愛能「一直保持相同而不改變」,而直接的愛,如果「它已被改變」,它骨子裡依然是「一樣的」。靠著變成責任,而進行永恆改變的真愛,是絕不改變的;它很簡單,它會愛——而絕不恨,絕不恨——所愛者。
看來,直接的愛似乎是比較堅強些,因為,它可以作兩件事;因為,它能夠「既」愛、「又」恨。看來,當它這麽說時,它似乎有一股頗奇異的力量,能夠壓制它的對象:「如果你不愛我,我便會恨你。」這依然是一種幻覺。因為,可改變者,豈真是一股比不可變者更堅強的力量?又,誰是較強者,是說「如果你不愛我,我就恨你」的人,抑是說「即使你恨我,我仍一直要愛你」的人?
況且,愛將被改變成恨,當然是令人恐怖與叫人驚駭的;只是,我倒懷疑,對誰來說,它才道道地地的可怕:它難道不是對於自己的愛已突然轉變為很的人嗎?
Spontaneous love can be changed within itself; it can be changed into its opposite, into hate. Hate is a love that has become its opposite, a love that has perished [gaae til Grunde]. Down in the ground [i Grunden] the love is continually aflame, but it is the flame of hate; not until the love has burned out is the flame of hate also put out. Just as it is said of the tongue that "it is the same tongue with which we bless and curse,” so it may also be said that it is the same love that loves and hates. But just because it is the same love, for that very reason it is not in the eternal sense the true love, which remains, unchanged, the same, whereas that spontaneous love, when it is changed, is still basically the same. True love, which has undergone the change of eternity by becoming duty, is never changed; it is simple, it loves and never hates, never hates-the beloved. It might seem as if that spontaneous love were the stronger because it can do two things, because it can both love and hate. It might seem as if it had an entirely different power over its object when it says, "If you will not love me, then I will hate you"-but this is only an illusion. Is changingness indeed a stronger power than changelessness, and who is the stronger, the one who says, "If you will not love me, then I will hate you," or the one who says, "If you hate me, I will still continue to love you"? Certainly it is terrifying and terrible when love is changed into hate, but for whom is it actually terrible? I wonder if it is not for the one involved, the person to whom it happened that his love changed into hate!


( 知識學習隨堂筆記 )
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