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海明威的冰山理論
2008/04/22 23:24:10瀏覽11246|回應2|推薦30

最近有機會讀了一篇海明威年輕時(大約是他25)的作品(寫於1924),忽然對寫作這件事有一種被重新啟蒙的感覺,過去對這個人的作品和生平只是一知半解,但是這次,卻因為一篇他年輕時寫的小短篇對他和他的創作有了和以往不同的了解。

這篇小說叫「印地安營地」,很短,不到三千字的長度,但是卻是文學評論家公認最能代表海明威的作品之一。

看到這些評析的那一刻我很震憾,我想,我知道這是什麼意思,理性上來想,一個作家在他如此年青時寫的東西應該是各方面技巧最不成熟的時候,海明威應該是越寫越好而後才寫成一位偉大的作家才對啊?怎麼反而這篇他早期初試啼聲的作品會被如此看重?

我的解讀是(其實也和一些評論家說的一樣,不過這也是我一直以來的相信),一位作家一生其實只在創作一件作品,他寫得再多,最核心闗心的事情是不會變的,像海明威一生的創作都是在表現他對死亡的態度(大部分是恐懼,所以主角都是在很險惡的環境中求生存,看來是表現勇氣,其實骨子裡是一種對死亡的害怕),他一生在追求一種勇猛頑強的存在方式,骨子裡卻又是敏感軟弱,這些後來一直不斷出現在他作品中的特質,所有原形在這篇「印地安人營地」裡都看得到。

還有,海明威在英美文學裡樹立了一個很具原創性的寫作風格,叫「冰山理論(iceberg theory)」,意思是他講故事的方式就像只講冰山露在海面上那八分之一,其他的那八分之七就靠這八分之一的功力來讓人想像了,這種「留白」式的寫作法對後世的創作者也產生了很大的影響。

看到這裡,我忽然有點了解寫作是怎麼一回事了,要成為一位大作家,最重要的是天份,天份不夠再努力也沒用,但是光有天份還不夠,你得夠努力還要有好運氣,這樣你才能有好的時機創作出夠多的好作品而且受到讀者的喜愛,要不然,你再有天份沒有活在對的時機,只能像梵谷那樣,活著的時候過得苦哈哈,死了之後作品才被捧上天,這一切的榮華富貴對他的人生一點意義也沒有了,不是嗎?

想來,那些願意把自己的人生奉獻給寫作的人真是勇敢,他們明知道這世界上的作家百分之九十九點九九九九都會被後世遺忘,還是義無反顧的寫,從這樣的現實看來,作家真是地球上最高貴而愚蠢的行業不是嗎?

特別從網站上摘了「印地安營地」的原文,和您分享。

.........................................................................................................................

Ernest Hemingway

Indian Camp


    At the lake shore there was another rowboat drawn up. The two Indians stood waiting.

    Nick and his father got in the stern of the boat and the Indians shoved it off and one of them got in to row. Uncle George sat in the stern of the camp rowboat. The young Indian shoved the camp boat off and got in to row Uncle George.

    The two boats started off in the dark. Nick heard the oarlocks of the other boat quite a way ahead of them in the mist. The Indians rowed with quick choppy strokes. Nick lay back with his father's arm around him. It was cold on the water. The Indian who was rowing them was working very hard, but the other boat moved further ahead in the mist all the time.

    "Where are we going, Dad?" Nick asked.

    "Over to the Indian camp. There is an Indian lady very sick."

    "Oh," said Nick.

    Across the bay they found the other boat beached. Uncle George was smoking a cigar in the dark. The young Indian pulled the boat way up on the beach. Uncle George gave both the Indians cigars.

    They walked up from the beach through a meadow that was soaking wet with dew, following the young Indian who carried a lantern. Then they went into the woods and followed a trail that led to the logging road that ran back into the hills. It was much lighter on the logging road as the timber was cut away on both sides. The young Indian stopped and blew out his lantern and they all walled on along the road.

    They came around a bend and a dog came out barking. Ahead were the lights of the shanties where the Indian bark-peelers lived. More dogs rushed out at them. The two Indians sent them back to the shanties. In the shanty nearest the road there was a light in the window. An old woman stood in the doorway holding a lamp.

    Inside on a wooden bunk lay a young Indian woman. She had been trying to have her baby for two days. All the old women in the camp had been helping her. The men had moved off up the road to sit in the dark and smoke cut of range of the noise she made. She screamed just as Nick and the two Indians followed his father and Uncle George into the shanty. She lay in the lower bunk, very big under a quilt. Her head was turned to one side. In the upper bunk was her husband. He had cut his foot very badly with an ax three days before. He was smoking a pipe. The room smelled very bad.

    Nick's father ordered some water to be put on the stove, and while it was heating he spoke to Nick.

    "This lady is going to have a baby, Nick," he said.

    "I know," said Nick.

    "You don't know," said his father. "Listen to me. What she is going through is called being in labor. The baby wants to be born and she wants it to be born. All her muscles are trying to get the baby born. That is what is happening when she screams."

    "I see," Nick said.

    Just then the woman cried out.

    "Oh, Daddy, can't you give her something to make her stop screaming?" asked Nick.

    "No. I haven't any anaesthetic," his father said. "But her screams are not important. I don't hear them because they are not important."

    The husband in the upper bunk rolled over against the wall.

    The woman in the kitchen motioned to the doctor that the water was hot. Nick's father went into the kitchen and poured about half of the water out of the big kettle into a basin. Into the water left in the kettle he put several things he unwrapped from a handkerchief.

    "Those must boil," he said, and began to scrub his hands in the basin of hot water with a cake of soap he had brought from the camp. Nick watched his father's hands scrubbing each other with the soap. While his father washed his hands very carefully and thoroughly, he talked.

    "You see, Nick, babies are supposed to be born head first but sometimes they're not. When they're not they make a lot of trouble for everybody. Maybe I'll have to operate on this lady. We'll know in a little while."

    When he was satisfied with his hands he went in and went to work.

    "Pull back that quilt, will you, George?" he said. "I'd rather not touch it."

    Later when he started to operate Uncle George and three Indian men held the woman still. She bit Uncle George on the arm and Uncle George said, "Damn squaw bitch!" and the young Indian who had rowed Uncle George over laughed at him. Nick held the basin for his father. It all took a long time.

    His father picked the baby up and slapped it to make it breathe and handed it to the old woman.

    "See, it's a boy, Nick," he said. "How do you like being an interne?"

    Nick said. "All right." He was looking away so as not to see what his father was doing.

    "There. That gets it," said his father and put something into the basin.

    Nick didn't look at it.

    "Now," his father said, "there's some stitches to put in. You can watch this or not, Nick, just as you like. I'm going to sew up the incision I made."

    Nick did not watch. His curiosity had been gone for a long time.

    His father finished and stood up. Uncle George and the three Indian men stood up. Nick put the basin out in the kitchen.

    Uncle George looked at his arm. The young Indian smiled reminiscently.

    "I'll put some peroxide on that, George," the doctor said.

    He bent over the Indian woman. She was quiet now and her eyes were closed. She looked very pale. She did not know what had become of the baby or anything.

    "I'll be back in the morning." the doctor said, standing up.

    "The nurse should be here from St. Ignace by noon and she'll bring everything we need."

    He was feeling exalted and talkative as football players are in the dressing room after a game.

    "That's one for the medical journal, George," he said. "Doing a Caesarian with a jack-knife and sewing it up with nine-foot, tapered gut leaders."

    Uncle George was standing against the wall, looking at his arm.

    "Oh, you're a great man, all right," he said.

    "Ought to have a look at the proud father. They're usually the worst sufferers in these little affairs," the doctor said. "I must say he took it all pretty quietly."

    He pulled back the blanket from the Indian's head. His hand came away wet. He mounted on the edge of the lower bunk with the lamp in one hand and looked in. The Indian lay with his face toward the wall. His throat had been cut from ear to ear. The blood had flowed down into a pool where his body sagged the bunk. His head rested on his left arm. The open razor lay, edge up, in the blankets.

    "Take Nick out of the shanty, George," the doctor said.

    There was no need of that. Nick, standing in the door of the kitchen, had a good view of the upper bunk when his father, the lamp in one hand, tipped the Indian's head back.

    It was just beginning to be daylight when they walked along the logging road back toward the lake.

    "I'm terribly sorry I brought you along; Nickie," said his father, all his post-operative exhilaration gone. "It was an awful mess to put you through."

    "Do ladies always have such a hard time having babies?" Nick asked.

    "No, that was very, very exceptional."

    "Why did he kill himself, Daddy?"

    "I don't know, Nick. He couldn't stand things, I guess."

    "Do many men kill themselves, Daddy?"

    "Not very many, Nick."

    "Do many women?"

    "Hardly ever."

    "Don't they ever?"

    "Oh, yes. They do sometimes."

    "Daddy?"

    "Yes."

    "Where did Uncle George go?"

    "He'll turn up all right."

    "Is dying hard, Daddy?"

    "No, I think it's pretty easy, Nick. It all depends."

    They were seated in the boat. Nick in the stern, his father rowing. The sun was coming up over the hills. A bass jumped, making a circle in the water. Nick trailed his hand in the water. It felt warm in the sharp chill of the morning.

    In the early morning on the lake sitting in the stern of the boat with his father rowing; he felt quite sure that he would never die.

    1924

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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犀利
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無所謂,寫的開心就好。
2008/04/25 18:06

無所謂,寫的開心就好。

我覺得寫東西就像是在創作一樣藝術品一樣,我們細細的雕琢它~

在過程當中,我們一直用理性與感性在趨趕著自己、修正自己。

我知道我不勇敢、不堅強、不夠可愛,

可是我會努力的把自己的心在寫作的過程當中做調整,

要寫的夠勇敢、夠堅強、夠可愛,

這樣才不會誤了別人(不希望別人看了我的文,而有更悲的念頭)

寫作是一個很好省思的過程,有時候寫完時會讚嘆一下,

我怎麼那麼利害呢? 可以說的出這樣的話。

是的,在過程當中,加注了勇敢的力量,但是現實上,我們還是擁有著

脆弱的心,只是還是看看了文,硬挺的走下去吧!

http://blog.udn.com/silyssee/1624532


vin wu(vinwu) 於 2008-04-25 18:35 回覆:

是啊

寫作就是先給自己看吧

至於別人的看法

真的也沒法去理太多了

倒是

如果有人到部落格來罵我

我心裡還真的會不舒服

不過

我不會刪他文的


Frances
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真是好功力
2008/04/23 05:46

短短一篇,把生與死,劇力萬鈞的掙扎過程都交代明白,

非常感謝你的轉貼與心得分享。

海明威"冰山"功力真可貴,讀者讀完文章之後,內心受到衝擊與震撼,久久都無法釋懷,緊跟著還意識到埋在其下更多更大的部分...

vin wu(vinwu) 於 2008-04-25 10:12 回覆:
也謝謝您的寶貴意見和回應。