昨晚閒來無事，與小朋友一起欣賞文章，翻譯文章

Futuristic Materials未來材料 我的翻譯 請指教

by Lifeboat Foundation Scientific Advisory Board member Michael Anissimov.

未來的材料 救生艇基金會科學顧問委員會的成員邁克爾

1. Aerogel 空氣凝膠

 Aerogel protecting crayons from a blowtorch.空氣凝膠保護蠟筆不被噴燈破壞

This tiny block of transparent aerogel is supporting a brick weighing 2.5 kg. The aerogel’s density is 0.1 g/cm3.

Aerogel Aerogel protecting crayons from a blowtorch.  Aerogel holds 15 entries in the Guinness Book of Records, more than any other material. Sometimes called “frozen smoke”, aerogel is made by the supercritical drying of liquid gels of alumina, chromia, tin oxide, or carbon. It’s 99.8% empty space, which makes it look semi-transparent. Aerogel is a fantastic insulator — if you had a shield of aerogel, you could easily defend yourself from a flamethrower. It stops cold, it stops heat. You could build a warm dome on the Moon. Aerogels have unbelievable surface area in their internal fractal structures — cubes of aerogel just an inch on a side may have an internal surface area equivalent to a football field. Despite its low density, aerogel has been looked into as a component of military armor because of its insulating properties

氣凝膠從瓦斯噴燈燃燒火焰下保護蠟筆: 這種微小的透明氣凝膠塊配套磚，重達2.5公斤。氣凝膠的密度是0.1公克╱立方公分。氣凝膠擁有15項中的吉尼斯世界紀錄，超過任何其他材料。有時也被稱為“冷凍煙霧”，是由氧化鋁，氧化鉻，氧化錫，或碳液體凝膠超臨界乾燥氣凝膠。這99.8％的空的空間，這使得它看起來半透明。氣凝膠是一個很好的絕緣體 - 如果你有的氣凝膠盾，你可以從一個火焰噴射器下輕鬆地捍衛自己。它輕易隔絕冷，隔絕熱。你可以在月球上建立一個溫暖的圓頂。氣凝膠在其內部的分形結構有令人難以置信的表面積 - 氣凝膠立方體只是一個側面英寸可能有內部表面積相當於一個足球場。儘管其密度低，因為其絕緣性能特優，氣凝膠一直被看好成為軍事裝甲元件。.

2. Carbon nanotubes 納米碳管

Carbon nanotubes are long chains of carbon held together by the strongest bond in all chemistry, the sacred sp2 bond, even stronger than the sp3 bonds that hold together diamond. Carbon nanotubes have numerous remarkable physical properties, including ballistic electron transport (making them ideal for electronics) and so much tensile strength that they are the only substance that could be used to build a space elevator. The specific strength of carbon nanotubes is 48,000 kN•m/kg, the best of known materials, compared to high-carbon steel’s 154 kN•/kg. That’s 300 times stronger than steel. You could build towers hundreds of kilometers high with it. 碳納米管是碳的長鏈一起是由所有化學中最強的SP2鍵結，甚至比SP3的鍵結還要強，甚至比一起的鑽石鍵結還要強(因為有雜質)。碳納米管具有許多卓越的物理性質，包括彈道電子傳輸（使他們電子的運行更完美），這麼強的拉伸強度，他們是唯一的物質可以用來建立一個太空電梯。碳納米管的比強度4.8萬千牛•米/公斤，最好的已知材料相比，高碳鋼的154千牛/公斤。這是比鋼強300倍。你甚至可以建立數百公里高的高塔。

3. Metamaterials超材料

“Metamaterial” refers to any material that gains its properties from structure rather than composition. Metamaterials have been used to create microwave invisibility cloaks, 2D invisibility cloaks, and materials with other unusual optical properties. Mother-of-pearl gets its rainbow color from metamaterials of biological origin. Some metamaterials have a negative refractive index, an optical property that may be used to create “Superlenses” which resolve features smaller than the wavelength of light used to image them! This technology is called subwavelength imaging. Metamaterials would used in phased array optics, a technology that could render perfect holograms on a 2D display. These holograms would be so perfect that you could be standing 6 inches from the screen, looking into the “distance” with binoculars, and not even notice it’s a hologram.“超材料”是指從組成結構來獲得的特性，而不是其成分屬性。超材料的不尋常的光學特性的已被製造成不被微波看到的隱形斗篷，二維隱形斗篷。珍珠母生物特性的超材料的得到彩虹色(不是染料顏色而是光的干涉)。有些超材料具有負折射率，這種光學特性可用於製造超級透鏡組消除影像使得物件小於光波長來用於圖像。他們比光的波長小！這項技術被稱為次波長成像。超材料將用於相控陣光學技術，可以呈現完美的全息圖上的2D顯示。這些全息圖將是如此完美，你可以站在15公分的屏幕，用雙筒望遠鏡來看到遠距離，甚至不會注意到它只是全息圖。

4. Bulk diamond 大顆鑽石

We’re starting to lay down thick layers of diamond in CVD machines, hinting towards a future of bulk diamond machinery. Diamond is an ideal construction material — it’s immensely strong, light, made out of the widely available element carbon, nearly complete thermal conductivity, and has among the highest melting and boiling points of all materials. By introducing trace impurities, you can make a diamond practically any color you want. Imagine a jet, with hundreds of thousands of moving parts made of fine-tuned diamond machinery. Such a craft would be more powerful than today’s best fighter planes in the way an F-22 is better than the Red Baron’s Fokker Dr.1.

我們開始放下厚的鑽石層在CVD(化學氣相沉積機)，暗示對未來巨大鑽石機械。鑽石是一種理想的建築材料 –和其它最高的熔點和沸點的所有材料來比較，強度非常強，非常輕，廣泛使用的碳元素，幾乎完全導熱。通過引入微量雜質，可以使鑽石形成任何你想要的顏色。想像一下，一個噴射飛機有成千上萬運動部件是用微調鑽石機械刻製的。今天這種工藝比較目前的工藝，就比如最好的戰鬥機一架F-22比較一次大戰用的螺旋槳飛機紅男爵的福克Dr.1一樣更強大。

5. Bulk fullerenes大型富勒烯

Diamonds may be strong, but aggregated diamond nanorods (what I call amorphous fullerene) are stronger. Amorphous fullerene has a isothermal bulk modulus of 491 gigapascals (GPa), compared to diamond’s 442 GPa. As we see in the image, the nanoscale structure of the fullerene gives it a beautiful iridescent appearance. Fullerenes can be made substantially stronger than diamond, but for greater energy cost. After a “Diamond Age” we may eventually transition to a “Fullerene Age” as our technology gets even more sophisticated. 鑽石也許很強，但聚合鑽石納米棒（我所說的非晶富勒烯）是更強的。非晶富勒烯具有為491 gigapascals（GPA）1pascal=1 Nt/m² = 1（m•kg•s-²）/m²= 0.01毫巴（mbar）的等溫體積彈性模量，比鑽石的442 GPA。正如我們看到的圖像中，富勒烯納米結構賦予它一個美麗的彩虹色外觀。富勒烯可以比鑽石強，但更大的能源成本。 “鑽石年代”後，我們可能最終過渡到“富勒烯時代”作為我們的技術變得更加精良複雜

6. Amorphous metal非晶態金屬Amorphous metals, also called metallic glasses, consist of metal with a disordered atomic structure. They can be twice as strong as steel. Because of their disordered structure, they can disperse impact energy more effectively than a metal crystal, which has points of weakness. Amorphous metals are made by quickly cooling molten metal before it has a chance to align itself in a crystal pattern. Amorphous metals may the military’s next generation of armor, before they adopt diamondoid armor in mid-century. On the green side of things, amorphous metals have electronic properties that improve the efficiency of power grids by as much as 40%, saving us thousands of tons of fossil fuel emissions.

非晶態金屬也被稱為金屬玻璃，由無序的金屬原子結構組成。他們可以堅強如鋼的兩倍。由於其無序結構，他們可以更有效地比金屬晶體其中有軟弱點更能分散衝擊能量。非晶態金屬是熔融金屬在結晶對齊之前迅速冷卻成超混亂態。非晶態金屬是軍隊他們採用在世紀鑽石類的鎧甲的前一代的裝甲材料。非晶態金屬在晶粒邊的特性提高電網的效率高達40％，節省了我們成千上萬噸的化石燃料。

7. Superalloys超合金

A superalloy is a generic term for a metal that can operate at very high temperatures, up to about 2000 °F (1100 °C). They are popular for use in the superhot turbine areas of jet engines. They are used for more advanced oxygen-breathing designs, such as the ramjet and scramjet. When we’re flying through the sky in hypersonic craft, we’ll have superalloys to thank for it.超合金金是一種通稱高溫金屬，可以工作在非常高的溫度，高達約1100°C，(一般鋁合金在800°C就會軟化失卻強度）。他們是在使用在超熱的噴氣發動機的渦輪區域運作。它們被用於更先進氧氣呼吸的設計，如沖壓發動機和超燃沖壓發動機。當我們通過高超工藝的天空飛行，我們必須感謝它的超高溫合金。

  8. Metal foam金屬泡棉 

Metal foam is what you get when you add a foaming agent, powdered titanium hydride, to molten aluminum, then let it cool. The result is a very strong substance that is relatively light, with 75–95% empty space. Because of its favorable strength-to-weight ratio, metal foams have been proposed as a construction material for space colonies. Some metal forms are so light that they float on water, which would make them excellent for building floating cities, like those analyzed by Marshall T. Savage in one of my favorite books, The Millennial Project. 金屬泡棉(泡沫)是什麼，你當你添加發泡劑，氫化鈦粉，熔融鋁金屬泡沫，然後讓它冷卻。結果是一個非常強大的又比較輕的物質，佔著75-95％的相對空白空間。由於其良好的強度重量比，已被提議作為一個空間殖民地的建設材料，金屬泡沫。一些金屬的形式是很輕，浮於水，這將使他們出色的浮動城市，像由馬歇爾的分析:”野性在我最喜歡的書之一”，千年項目

9. Transparent alumina鋁化物

9. Transparent alumina鋁化物Transparent alumina is three times stronger than steel and transparent. The number of applications for this are huge. Imagine an entire skyscraper or arcology made largely of transparent steel. The skylines of the future could look more like a series of floating black dots (opaque private rooms) rather than the monoliths of today. A huge space station made of transparent alumina could cruise in low Earth orbit without being a creepy black dot when it passes overhead. And hey… transparent swords透明氧化鋁是，比鋼牆三倍並透明的。應用性是巨大的。試想整個摩天大樓或生態建築主要是透明的鋼製成。未來的輪廓看起來更像是一系列浮動的黑點（不透明隱密私人房），而不是今天的巨石。透明氧化鋁製成一個巨大的太空站當它通過低地球軌道上空巡航時不像一個鬼鬼祟祟的的黑點。哎...透明的劍！!

10. E-textiles 電子紡織品

If you meet up and talk to me in 2020, I’ll likely be covered in electronic textiles. Why carry some electronic gadget you can easily lose when we can just wear our computers? We’ll develop clothing that can constantly project the video of our choosing (unless it turns out being so annoying that we ban it). Imagine wearing a robe covered in a display that actually projects the night sky in real-time. Imagine talking to people over the “phone” just by making a hand gesture and activating electronics in your lapel, then merely thinking about what you want to say (thought-to-speech interfaces). The possibilities of e-textiles are limitless.如果你在2020年遇到我，我可能會被覆蓋在電子紡織品。我們可以輕易攜帶一些容易遺失的電子小工具，可以穿我們的電腦嗎？我們制定服裝將依照我們要求投射出我們要的影音（除非我們不想要了，我們關掉它）。想像一下身穿長袍覆蓋可即時顯示出天空。想像一下，在“手機”，只是做了一個手勢就可打開您的翻領電話與人交談，然後僅僅思考你想要說（思想到語音介面）。電子紡織品的可能性是無限的。