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| 2011/07/29 22:06:24瀏覽542｜回應0｜推薦1 | ||
The Four Attachments
天地萬物都有一種境界的取著。  或因四執造一切罪 The Four Attachments cause all wrongdoings. 前面說過「四取」。取之後，還有「著」。所以「著」就是「執著」，所以說：「四執造一切罪。」 All living beings have a certain attachment to their perceptions of the world. Earlier we talked about the Four Clingings. After "clinging" comes "grasping" and "grasping" is attachment. So the "Four Attachments cause all wrongdoings" 我們在日常生活中，就是在觀念、思想、見解等等…緣著外面的境界，不是「取」便是「執著」，所以生出了很多的煩惱，我們自然就會造作種種錯誤的行為。 In our daily lives, our views, reflections, and understanding are formed in response to external phenomena. We either grasp or we are attached to something, and that naturally leads to vexation and various misbehaviors. 以上和過去所說得這些，都是在講「境」與「心」的觀念，所以接下來要講的是「四執」。 We are talking about external states and the mind.  四執： The Four Attachments are: Attachment to Existence, Attachment to Emptiness, Attachment to Both Existence and Emptiness, Attachment to Neither Existence Nor Emptiness. 「四執」，第一種是「執有」；第二種是「執空」；第三種是「執亦有亦空」；第四種是「執非有非空」。 So the Four Attachments are: Attachment to Existence, Attachment to Emptiness, Attachment to Both Existence and Emptiness, Attachment to Neither Existence Nor Emptiness. 在我們修行的過程中，難免我們的思考也會有迷失的時候。當陷入迷的思考的路途當中，有時候真的會迷失。 At times, our thinking becomes clouded while in the midst of our practice. Sometimes our thoughts go astray and we may get lost. 在我們凡夫尚未接觸佛法之前，多數的人都執「有」，這可以說在凡夫是很普遍的事情，這種執著本來就已經有了。我們難道不曾聽說過：「這個人很固執。」是啊！每個人都會被人說固執，因為每個人的喜好、興趣都不一樣。有興趣的，他就會心生愛，就會比較固執在我所愛的。 Before coming in contact with Buddhism, most people have "attachments". This is quite common for ordinary people. It is something that already exists within us. Haven't we all heard the comment, "This person is so stubborn"? Yes, everyone can be described as stubborn because everyone's interests and likes are different. If you're interested in something, your mind will crave it and become attached to whatever it is you like. 每個人都有不同的興趣，有的人愛喝茶，有的人喜歡喝咖啡。當喜歡喝茶的人看到咖啡，就會說：「我不要。我要喝茶，我不要喝咖啡。」若是愛喝咖啡的，看到茶他就排斥，就會問：「是不是可以給我一杯咖啡呢？」這也是固執。舉這個例子就是讓大家能夠明白，同樣地每個人都有所偏好，所以我們難免會執著。 Everyone has different interests, some love to drink tea, and some love to drink coffee. When offered coffee, one who loves tea will say "I don't want coffee". "I want tea" "I dont' like to drink coffee" If a person loves coffee, he or she find tea displeasing and ask for a cup of coffee. This is also attachment, or stubbornness. This is a common example. We have our own preferences. Thus, it is inevitable for us to be attached. 小的事情在日常生活中，有我們的習氣、有我們的執著、有我們的喜愛等等…這是我們日常的生活，若是一個家庭，雖然是同一個母親生的，但是幾個兄弟姊妹之間，他們的興趣也是一樣不同。晚上的電視節目，有的人喜歡文藝片；有的人喜歡看紀錄片；有的人喜歡選擇武打片；有的人愛看卿卿我我，那種男女之間的情愛。所以同一個家庭四個兄弟姊妹之間，就有不同的興趣，為了看電視也會爭吵。這就是同樣的父母、同一個家庭，興趣和觀念就不同。 Regarding the little details of our daily lives, we have our habits, and we have our likes. This happens every day. Within a family, even though the children are from the same mother, they each have different interests. At night when they watch watch television, some like dramas, some like documentaries, some like action films, and some like romance. So these four brothers and sisters all have different interests and will fight over what to watch. Despite having the same parents, their interests and views are different. 社會一樣，更加複雜，同一個社會當中的社會人也各不相同。看現在的社會這麼動盪、這麼不安定，不是出在社會的毛病，是出在人的心裡。看看我們現在的社會，每一天都讓人覺得說：「為甚麼會發生這樣的事情？」這就是因為人人有不同的興趣，人人有不同的無明的迷思，所以造成整個社會都會動盪、會亂。 Society is even more complicated. Today's society is filled with turmoil. This instability is not caused by society as whole, but by individual mindsets. If we observe our present society, we wonder how all these events occur. This is because everyone has different interests and is subject to confusion caused by ignorance. Thus, society is unstable and chaotic. 若是國家呢？國與國之間也是一樣。就像在二十世紀初的時候，那時候的八國聯軍，在台灣那個時候，一直都是有戰事，社會就是會一直的亂，甚至也有其他的國家也要來侵佔台灣。那是過去的世紀。 This also applies to international relations. For example, in the early 20th century, the Eight-Nation Appliance marched on China. At that time, Taiwan was constantly at war and suffered internal unrest. Moreover, other countries wanted to invade Taiwan too. That happen in the previous century. 但是到了世界初的時候，二次世界大戰開始發生，一連串下來，很多國家非常的複雜，整個國際就像戰爭的舞台一般。國與國之間連環的戰事發生，這樣一連串一直下來。一直到了一九四五年八月六日那時候在廣島，一顆原子彈在廣島投下，可知道因為那顆原子彈投下去，整個建築物，就像骨牌全部掃倒，很牢固的建築物，都整個融掉了。人也一樣，不經意只是一個閃光而已，多少人的皮就脫掉了！有的當場死亡，受傷的更多。這幾十萬年死於瞬間剎那！幾百萬人因為原子彈遺留傷痕！ And when World War II began, the relationships between countries became very complicated. The world was like a stage set for war. Nations declared war upon each other and events escalated until the nuclear bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Countless people died when that bomb fell. Entire buildings fell like dominos. Even well-built structures completely melted. The same happened to people. In a flash of light, their skin fell off. So many died instantly and many more were injured. More than 100,000 people died instantly. Millions still bear the wounds from the bomb. 在廣島是一九四五年八月六日，經過三天之後，在一九四五年八月九日，另外一顆原子彈落在長崎。這顆落在長崎的原子彈，同樣造成很多人死亡，同樣有十三萬人死亡，無法計算的傷害！在日本的廣島和長崎，這種戰後遺留下來的原子塵，到目前為止也都還沒有消散！那個地方的種植，無論是土地或是空氣，連地上物的植物，現在再去採來化驗，還是含有微量的原子素的化學成分，真的是很可怕！ This happened in Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Three days later, on August 9, 1945, another nuclear bomb landed on Nahasaki, killing tens of thousands of people as well. The long term effects were incalculable. At Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the nuclear fallout has never dissipated, even to this day. The fallout still remains in the soil, air, and plants. When you take a sample, they all contain trace elements of radiation. That is very frightening.  人心「執有」 When the mind gets "attached to existence", desires wil arise. When we cannot fulfill our desires, it creates conflicts, causing unspeakable suffering. 這只不過是人的觀念，所以連續造成有多少的國家，不知道在爭什麼？但是偏偏就是這樣不斷地在爭、不斷的征戰、傷害，傷害了多少無辜的人民，一直遺留到現在。這都是因為「執有」以及「取有」。 This was caused by individual mindsets. So many countries continue to fight, without knowing why are they fighting, they just keep battling. These wars have harmed so many innocent people and their effects remain to this day. This is "Attachment to Existence" and "grasping". 前面所說的「欲取」，那種心就是有一種「心欲」，那種的心念就是不斷地想要去「取」，這都是從執著生起，所以有執著的心，就會生起爭取的念頭。「你想要取，但是我偏不給你。」因為這樣，所以爭端就此生起了。所以說起來，一切的災難都來自於「執」，這種執著的確很苦。 Earlier we spoke of "Clinging to Desires". Such a mindset is full of desires. Desire creates the urge to obtain. This arises from attachments. The idea of fighting for something arises from attachments. When you want something and I won't give it to you, it creates conflict. So at the end, people with these attachments really suffer.  人心「執空」 When the mind is Attached to Emptiness, one does not believe in cause and effect, and yields to one's desires without regard for others. This lack of ethics and morals will disrupt the order in society. 有的人是「執空」。覺得沒有就是沒有，從出生下來開始就是什麼都沒有。他以為「當出生的時候就是赤裸裸地來。其實這個世間，什麼叫做因果，都認為沒有。」所以在他心裡面總是有個觀念，以為「我怎麼來就是怎樣的生活，我怎麼生活怎麼高興。高興生活就好了！」不管別人用什麼的眼光看他。 Some are "Attached to Emptiness". They believe in nothingness, that we come into this world naked and empty-handed. So they do not believe in the law of cause and effect in this world. "This is how I came and this is how I live as long as I'm happy." As long as they are living happily, they don't care what others think. 在英國有一位男人，一個男人他認為：「生活只需要保持天體一般的生活就好了，一切的動物都不必穿衣服，為甚麼人要穿衣服？」所以他一直要讓大家知道：「生活自然就好了，何必還要再穿衣服？」所以他常常就是赤身裸體的在路上跑。警察已經取締他八次了！但是他不死心，他不放棄，所以他發了這樣的心願——他覺得應該要提倡這種天體、自然的生活。那怕是警察再怎麼樣的取締，他說他還是不會放棄。 In England there was a man who believed in living as naturally as possible. "If animals don't need to wear clothes, why do humans?" He wanted people to know that to live as naturally as possible, there was no need for clothes, so he often ran around the streets naked. The police had arrested him eight times, but he refused to give up and refused to let go of his ideas, because he felt the need to extol this natural way of life. So he made a vow, even if he were arrested again, he said he still wouldn't give up. 他只有一個期待，他所期待的就是，在氣候還沒有轉涼之前達到呼籲的目標。所以其實他還是會怕冷，如果真的是天體自然，那他也應該冷熱都保持一樣的型態。若是和動物都一樣的話，動物無論冷或者是熱，牠們的生態都是同樣的，這樣才是牠們的生態。 He only had one wish: to finish a journey (across the UK) before the weather turned cold. He was still afraid of the cold! If being naked is the natural state, it shouldn't matter if it's hot or cold. Animals, no matter the weather, exist in their natural state. 不過，雖然這樣，他還是執著於「空」，他要讓大家看，讓大家認同「沒有什麼，就是這樣。」但是他比較擔心的就是天氣冷的時候，天氣冷的時候他也是要穿衣服，如果不穿衣服他可是會凍死的，特別是在英國的冬天是很寒冷的！ He was so attached to "emptiness" that he wanted to show others that there is nothing to it. But he was still worried about the cold weather. He would have to wear clothes or freeze since England's winter is so cold. 這種「執空」的人生，實在也是錯亂的人生觀！也會亂了人生社會的次序。這種人道、人的軌道次序，會被這種執空的人撥無因果，乃至於完全沒有人倫道德，沒有廉恥禮儀可言！這種也是亂了社會！所以「執空」也不對！ His choice of lifestyle disrupts societal conventions. Civil society wil be ruined by those who discredit the consequence of their actions. Those who lack ethics, morals, honor, and integrity will bring chaos to society. So attachment to Emptiness is wrong.  人心「執亦有亦空」 If the mind gets "attached to both existence and emptiness", there wil be a double standard. 再來就是「執有亦執空」。有著投機的想法，認為同時是有，也是空。那這樣到底是「有」或是「空」呢？ Next is "Attachment to Both Existence & Emptiness".  對己「執有」 Toward oneself, one applies the principle of existence: "What is mine is mine, and I do not need to share with others."  對人要求「一切皆空」 Toward others, one applies the principle of emptiness: "Whatever is yours is mine and you should not fight me over it." 若是由物質等等的一切來看，是「有」，所以他應該是執有，因為他還是會認定「這說是我就是我的啊！我的東西你不能摸。但是你的和我的一樣，我是可以摸的。」像是這樣的人應該也是很多。 From a materialistic standpoint, some are attached to existence because "What is mine is mine, you can't touch my things." "But what is yours is also mine." Many people think that way. 他們總是有這種觀念：「你計較什麼？一切皆空！你和我的都沒有差別，你的就是我的。但是我的還是我的！」像這樣的人，我想應該也是有很多。 "Since everything is empty, why are you arguing?" "There is no difference between yours and mine, so it's all mine." I think these people exist as well.  人心「執非有非空」 The mind is "attached to neither existence nor emptiness." When one vows to uphold the precepts, but subjects them to one's interpretation, one is not really following the Middle Way and easily makes even bigger mistakes. 有的人則是「執非有亦非空」。同樣的意思，「非有」就是「沒有」；「非空」就是「有」。這樣執著在「亦有亦空，非有非空」，這在修行上，也往往會有這樣的偏向。 Some are attached to "neither existence nor emptiness". "non-existence" is having nothing. "non-emptiness" is having something. Some people try to apply the biased concepts of "both" and "neither" toward existence and emptiness in their practice. 有的人想要守戒，但說不定其實他犯的戒更大！ When some try to uphold precepts, they violate even higher precepts. 就像在譬喻經中有這樣的一則經文： In the Sutra of Parables, there is a story about a man who saw others planting and marveled at their good harvests. 就說有一位農夫，看到別人在播種的時候，覺得「為甚麼別人可以種得那麼好？」他就問：「你為甚麼可以種得那麼好？」這個人就教導他：「農作要生長得好，就是需要施肥、灌溉。需要肥料和水。」他聽了以後就想：「我應該要來學習這樣的方法。」 So he asked, "How do you have such good harvests?" The farmer told him, "If you want to be successful, you need to fertilized and water your plants." So this man thought, "Now that I know what to do, I should do it." 不過當他在那裡看的時候，看到別人在那裡施肥，他自己就想：「這樣怎麼行得通？當你在施肥的時候，人在田上走，那田中的土地不就是又被你踩硬了？另外，在那邊施肥的時候，腳就要踩在土地上，這樣也不乾淨！」所以他自己想了一個方法，他覺得：「不需要把肥料歸肥料、水歸水這樣地分開。」所以他就把水和肥料通通混和在一起，再把土也都混了進去之後，才來耕種。他覺得這樣比較省力！ But then he stood and watched how the farmer fertilized his plants, and he thought to himself, "That's not a very good way to do it." "If you fertilize that area and then work on it, "won't you harden the earth?" "And when you're fertilizing the ground, your feet will get dirty when you stand there." So he thought up his own method. He thought it was unnecessary to fertilize and water separately, so he he decided to mix the two into the soil before he planted the seeds. He felt that would be more efficient. 再來，當要耕種的時候，他想：「兩隻腳在田裡面踩，真的是會把土地都給踩硬了！」他覺得這樣不夠聰明，應該自己的腳不要著地。那要用什麼方法呢？所以他就想了個方法，他坐在床上來插秧。但是床不會走動啊！所以他請了四個大漢來抬床，讓他可以坐在床上插秧、播種！ When it came to planting, he stood there on both feet and felt he was hardening the ground. He thought that was not smart, and didn't want to stand on the ground. What did he do? He sat on a bed while sowing the seeds. But the bed could not move, so he hired four people to carry it, while he sowed the seeds. 像這樣的行為，我們來想想——捨不得把自己的「兩隻腳」踩到地上，怕田地會被踩硬掉。所以他用「八隻腳」下去踩！ Let us think, he was afraid to harden the earth with his two feet, but his solution put eight feet on the ground. 施肥和澆水，有前後的次序，他認為一次完成。然而這樣混亂了次序，當然就不對了。 There is an order to fertilizing and watering and he thought he could do it all at once. That is wrong. 各位，我們修行同樣有次序，我們同樣要有先後，尤其是學佛，學佛必定要受戒，戒要由師徒相傳！然後我們必定也要依教奉行。不要像這位自己不懂，去請教別人；別人已經教導他了，但是他偏偏自作聰明。 Everyone, there is an order in practice, a before and after, especially in learning Buddhism. We need to be taught by a teacher, the teachings are passed from teacher to student. We must follow the teachings and practice. Do not like this man who asked for advice, and after receiving it, created his own shortcuts. 我們有時要持戒，同樣也要很小心。不要執著在自己，若是執著在自己，往往都會出問題。 We have to adhere to the precepts carefully and not stubbornly cling to our own views as self-absorption often causes problems. 所以這個「四執」，大家要小心。不要「執有」，也不可以「執空」，我們要用智慧來分析！同樣也不要「執亦有亦空、亦空亦有」。所以大家在日常生活中，我們要用真正適合生活的方式，顧好我們的心。 So everyone should be aware of the Four Attachments. Do not be attached to existence or emptiness. We need to analyze this with wisdom. Do not be detached from existence or emptiness. So we can lead our daily lives in a truly fitting manner. We must care for our hearts. 所以我們要多用心啊！ Therefore, please always be mindful. |
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| ( 知識學習｜隨堂筆記 ) |
