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大陸農村出現“老無所養”危機
2006/11/08 18:12:17瀏覽745|回應3|推薦6

Rush for Wealth in China’s Cities Shatters the Ancient Assurance of Care in Old Age

By HOWARD W. FRENCH

http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/03/world/asia/03aging.html?_r=1&oref=slogin

BAODENG, China — If having children is a mark of wealth, Gao Shenmu and Wang Xiuying, a farming couple in their 70s, surely rank as rich.

They raised six children in this rolling, fertile countryside before China imposed its single-child policy. What’s more, as the cities of the distant east flourished and boomed, three of their four sons migrated along with millions of others, landing jobs and joining the cash economy.

But for just that reason, their very Chinese dream of security in old age, built on the next generation’s obligation to them, has badly foundered.

The sons moved, but they left their own two young children behind to be cared for. They rarely visit and collectively send just $30 or $40 a year home. Mr. Gao and Ms. Wang make do at harvest time, spending two weeks in backbreaking labor that once took them less than a week to perform.

The couple’s experience is increasingly commonplace. The chief of their hamlet put its predicament this way: “Knock on 10 doors, and 9 of them will be opened by old people.”

And across much of the Chinese countryside the situation is the same, with villages emptied of their working-age populations, leaving behind small children and grandparents.

China is a rapidly aging society, but in villages like this, more than anything else the abrupt shift toward a preponderance of old people is driven by migration. Since the era of economic reforms got under way a little more than a quarter century ago, hundreds of millions of people have been on the march, most of them peasants looking for better economic opportunities in the urbanized east.

And as China’s economy has developed, old customs — like the ironclad obligation to venerate and care for the elderly — with roots in 2,500-year-old Confucian doctrine, are breaking down.

“The reality of China today is that the needs of the elderly cannot be taken care of by the social system,” said , a member of the 黑龍江 Provincial People’s Congress. “Most of them must rely on younger people, but today’s young people pay attention to their own children, and not to their elders.”

Mr. , who is also an executive of a private coal company, personally financed a study of the situation of the elderly in the countryside so that he could recommend new laws to the government concerning care of senior citizens. He said he was shocked into action by the death of an old couple in his own hometown, who had essentially been abandoned and were not discovered for days.

“In our society, children have become the highest good, and old people have become nothing,” he said.

賀雪峰, an expert in rural governance at 華中科技大學, said that although the central government has begun re-emphasizing development of the countryside since last year, in a push to reduce the gap between haves and have-nots, the situation for the rural elderly is deteriorating.

“New priorities have been set, but all of the emphasis is on economic development,” Mr. said. “The traditional values of our villages have been devastated. One half of the population is changing very fast, and the other is clinging to its values. Under the circumstances, life becomes tougher and tougher for the elderly.”

Some who have been abandoned have sued their children for support.

Earlier this year in another part of 四川省, 田貴芳, a 69-year-old widow, successfully sued her son and daughter for abandonment. After her husband died in 2003, Ms. lived with her son for a time, but was kicked out. When her daughter refused to take her in, she went to court, winning a judgment allowing her to live with her daughter and obliging her son to pay about $12 a month in support.

Some experts on aging in China say suicide is spreading among the elderly. In one recent case in 江西省, Li Qiurong, a 70-year-old peasant woman with five sons, killed herself by drinking pesticide, after breaking her leg and not being able to care for herself. Newspaper accounts said the sons had all built new houses for themselves, but that their mother was living alone in a hut.

原新, a demographer at 南開大學, said that at the end of 2005 China had 147 million people over the age of 60, and 80 percent of them in rural areas. Official estimates put the country’s floating population, or internal migrants, at 147 million, a number that consists overwhelmingly of adults in their prime who have left the countryside for the booming economies of the eastern coast.

Most of them are from provinces in east-central China, like 湖北, 湖南, 安徽 and 四川. 四川, China’s most populous province, is its biggest supplier of migrant labor.

“With the development of the economy, in the future, the floating population will continue to grow,” said Mr. , who conceded that little academic attention had been focused on the impact on China’s villages of this huge population outflow.

In some respects, one need not wait for the studies to come in. Experts like Mr. say that children raised by rural grandparents, who are often illiterate, will be strongly disadvantaged.

And rural incomes are unlikely to rise when heavy farm labor falls to the elderly. Ms. Wang, in her little village in 四川, said she and Mr. Gao worked as hard as they could, but it was not enough.

“We can’t work as hard as before, because when we do too much, we feel dizzy,” said Ms. Wang, 74.

One son returned this year to help at harvest time, but then went back to 昆明, the capital of 雲南省.

“After all is said, we miss them, particularly when we get sick,” she added, her eyes welling with tears. “I broke my arm last year and could not even lift it. Our son in 雲南 came back to see me and help out, but the ticket is expensive for him. I know that.”

Ariana Lindquist for The New York Times

Gao Shenmu, left, at home in Baodeng, the village where he and his wife, Wang Xiuying, raised six children. Three of their four sons migrated to get jobs, leaving two grandchildren to be cared for. The sons rarely visit.

美國《紐約時報》刊文稱

農村出現“老無所養”危機

http://paper.people.com.cn/hqsb/html/2006-11/06/content_11578395.htm

如果孩子是財富的標誌,那生活在四川省寶登(音)村70多歲的農民夫婦高慎穆(音)和王秀英(音)一定會被看成是富人。在中國實行計劃生育政策前,他們在這塊肥沃的土地上養育了6個孩子,其中4個是兒子。隨著中國東部地區的繁榮,有3個兒子隨著打工大軍進城了。

  正是由於這個原因,指望下一代人盡義務的老有所養的中國夢在他們家出現了危機。

  兒子們很少回家,每年只往家寄240320元錢,卻把年幼的孩子留給年邁的父母照管。在收穫莊稼的季節裏,高和王總是疲於奔命,筋疲力盡的勞作經常持續兩周,而以前他們家不到一周就能幹完地裏的活。這對夫婦的經歷在中國越來越普遍,很多農村只剩下小孩和爺爺奶奶,年輕人都外出打工了。寶登村的村長形容這種困境時說:10家的門,有9戶肯定是老人開門。20多年前中國開始經濟改革,數千萬人走上打工之路,其中絕大多數是農民到城市尋找機會。中國是快速老齡化的社會,而在農村,人口流動使老人突然佔據了絕對優勢。

  隨著經濟不斷發展,源於儒家學說、有2000多年歷史的傳統、以前被認為是雷打不動的贍養老人的義務,正面臨被拋棄的危險。

  當今中國的現實是社會體系還不能照顧到所有老人。黑龍江省一名人大代表說,大多數老人必須依靠年輕人贍養,可今天的年輕人卻把注意力放在了自己孩子而不是父母身上,孩子被當成最有價值的寶貝,老人卻一錢不值

  農村專家何學鋒(音)說,儘管政府一再強調發展農村,縮小貧富差距,但農村地區老人的境遇仍在下降,傳統價值觀被破壞了。有一半人變化太快了,只有另一半人還堅守著這一價值觀。在這種情形下,老人的生活變得越來越艱難。

  一些被拋棄的老人甚至到法院控告子女,要求他們盡贍養義務。今年早些時候,四川一位69歲的寡婦就控告兒女不贍養。自殺現象在老年人群中也有擴散的趨勢。

  我們非常想念他們(兒子),尤其是生病時。王秀英眼裏噙滿淚水,去年,我的胳膊摔斷了,抬都抬不起來。在雲南打工的兒子回來幫助我渡過難關,但車票對他來說太貴了。”▲(摘自113日美國《紐約時報》,原題:隨著中國城市繁榮發展,老人們被拋在了一邊,作者霍華德·W·佛倫奇,陳一譯)

《環球時報》 ( 2006-11-06 06 )

黑龍江省人大代表翟玉和:農村孝道出了問題

http://culture.people.com.cn/GB/22226/45285/45288/4174519.html

20060307王新友【檢察日報】

200511月初至12月底,歷時50天,踏訪全國31個省區,行程5萬多公里,走訪了萬餘名農村老人。黑龍江省人大代表、雞西市佳和礦產資源開發有限公司董事長翟玉和自費出資10萬元組織的三個調查組對中國農村的養老現狀進行了調查,調查展示了我國部分地區農村老人的生存現狀。
  2005119日,在調查啟動之初,本報記者採訪了翟玉和。在調查報告出來之後,翟玉和代表將調查結果投書本報,並於28日再次接受本報記者採訪。

  ■代表發現:在中國,特別是農村,孝道出了問題

  作為一名農民出身的民營企業家,我一直對農村和農民問題在感情上懷有一種本能的關注。翟玉和告訴記者,在其老家雞西市麻山村發生的一件事對其觸動很大,一對80餘歲的老夫婦死去多日後,同住一村的兒女才被鄰人告知。他到山東、江蘇等地農村探親時,發現那裏的老人在基本喪失勞動能力和生活自理能力後,因兒女的嫌棄和拒絕被迫獨居的比例超過80%,缺衣少食,貧病交加,在無奈中苦熬殘年。而在城裏,不少喪偶老人的子女多以為藉口,不盡孝道,形成很多空巢家庭。這些事情讓翟玉和強烈地感覺到,在中國,特別是農村,孝道出了問題。
  中國農村老人群體十分龐大,孝道的失傳就會使本應由千萬個家庭負擔的農民養老問題,演變成沉重的社會問題。為此,我決意搞一次全國性調查,在較大的範圍內求證這個問題是否具有普遍性和嚴重性,探求問題產生的原因和解決問題的辦法,以人大代表之責和人子之心,為農村老人說句話,向有關部門進一言,以期引起國家的關注。

  ■實地調查:困難比預想的要多


  三個調查小組走遍了全國31個省區,對其中72個村的60歲以上老人的養老現狀進行了實地調查,行程達5.2萬公里,調查涉及人員10401人。
  調查在兼顧經濟水平、氣候特點、地理條件、民族習慣等不同因素的前提下,以隨機的方式走縣進村。調查以問卷、個別訪談、小型座談會和實地察看為主。問卷共設計了自然情況、居住、醫療、勞動和生活自理、兒女盡孝、精神狀態等10大類55個小項。
  2月9日,參加此次調查的雞西日報社副總編輯盛春華告訴記者:最初,我們對困難估計不足,以為這是一件替老人說話的好事,有關部門和受訪人會很配合。實地調查才發現,困難還真不少。盛春華介紹說:原以為我們的公益活動會得到各級政府部門的支持,可是,最不願意給我們提供幫助的就是這些與養老有關的部門。盛春華說,調查人員拿著介紹信到縣裏瞭解情況,縣裏則非要有上級部門的招呼才肯放行。有的鄉鎮機關幹部更是怕生事,根本不配合調查。後來,我們就乾脆繞過縣、鄉政府,直接到村子裏尋找困難家庭的老人,同街坊鄰居、村委會幹部交流情況。盛春華說,飛機、火車、輪船、拖拉機、牛車、馬車,什麼交通工具都坐過,路上遇到許多意想不到的困難。由於連續勞累,加上水土不服等原因,有4名調查人員生病,有的小組在西藏出現嚴重的高原反應,有的在江西遭遇泥石流,幸好都有驚無險,挺過來了

  ■調查顯示:半數兒女對父母感情很麻木

  翟玉和說,調查中有一種現象很令人擔憂,那就是這些老人中52%的兒女對父母感情的麻木。有的與父母同住在一院但一年也說不上一句話,有的兒女非過年不登門,漫長的平日對父母不管不問,既沒打你,也沒罵你,不情願地盡著一點為人之子最低的責任。
  在農村調查中看到的普遍情況是,吃得最差的是老人,穿得最破的是老人,小、矮、偏、舊房裏住的是老人,在地裏幹活和照看孫輩的也多是老人。一年吃不上兩次肉,平日兜裏沒有一分錢,小病挺著,大病等死的例子隨處可見。這些老人不是村裏的五保戶,也不是民政的救濟對象,但由於兒女的不盡孝,使他們成了三不管,其生活境況反倒不如無兒無女的老人。
  歷經50天的調查,三個調查組陸續返回,並將調查資料整理成了《中國部分地區農村老人生存狀態調查報告》,同時還整理出《農村老有所養現狀社會調查線路示意圖》、《農村老有所養現狀社會調查單位一覽表》、《農村老有所養現狀社會調查統計表》、《農村老有所養現狀社會調查典型事例》、《農村老人關於養老的語錄》以及《農村老有所養現狀社會調查》光碟。
  通過對調查表的匯總,10401名調查對象中與兒女分居的比例是45.3%;三餐不保的占5%;93%的老人一年添不上一件新衣;69%無替換衣服;小病吃不起藥的占67%;大病住不起醫院的高達86%;人均年收入(含糧、菜)650元;種養業農活85%自己幹,家務活97%自己做;對父母如同對兒女的視為孝,占18%,對父母視同路人不管不問的為不孝,占30%;精神狀態好的老人占8%;22%的老人以看電視或聊天為唯一的精神文化生活。翟玉和告訴記者,與之形成鮮明對比的是,很多老人的兒女生活水平高於父母幾倍乃至更多。很多兒女們認為,父母沒凍著,沒餓著,就是自己盡孝的最高標準了。

  ■翟玉和:希望報告能提交全國人大

  年輕享福不算福,年老享福才是福;年輕受貧不算貧,年老受貧貧死人。在採訪時,記者強烈地感受到翟玉和對老人現狀的深深憂慮。通過調查發現,農村孝道問題非常嚴重,小的方面是一個家庭,大的方面影響到國家和民族的凝聚力。我現在最著急的問題是報告如何能引起有關部門的重視,並採取相應的措施,逐漸重塑傳統孝道。翟玉和說。
  翟玉和希望通過新聞媒體,呼籲各個相關部門引起重視並採取相應的措施。對於調查報告,翟玉和希望能夠通過全國人大代表帶到全國兩會上。他告訴記者,雞西市人大常委會對這次調查很重視,並給予了很多支持,全國人大代表、雞西市人大常委會主任張文樹已經同意將這份報告作為議案提交全國人大,目前他正在聯合其他代表,準備聯名提出該議案。
  談起下一步的打算,翟玉和告訴記者,他想聯合一些熱心公益事業的企業家投資拍攝一部以農村養老問題為題材的電視劇,進一步加強孝道的宣傳。要建設小康社會、和諧社會,就要重建中華民族的傳統美德。翟玉和說。

  翟玉和在調查報告中提出的六條對策

  以法律的強制性去規範和約束公民的孝道行為。鑒於孝道在全社會淡化的嚴重程度,建議對《老年人權益保障法》作適當修訂。這部法僅僅規定了公民應該怎樣做,但對違法者沒有約束力,應該增加有關的處罰性條款。另外,相當多的農民不知道有這部法,不知道自己不盡孝是在違法。為此,還應在農村加大對《老年人權益保障法》的宣傳力度。
  孝道教育要從娃娃抓起。現在的幼稚園、小學、中學教材中,關於對父母及長輩知恩、感恩、報恩的內容是少而又少,有一些也是像尊老愛幼式的宣傳口號,空泛、蒼白,沒有具體內容和事例。建議國家相關部門在編寫教材時適量增加這方面的內容,而且要形象、生動、感人,讓孩子和學生們通曉孝的含義,明白孝的標準,知道怎樣去盡孝,把孝道作為中小學德育教育的一項重要內容。
  輿論和文學藝術要加大對孝道的關注和塑造。各地可定期評選出十大孝子十大逆子,對孝子給予不低於同級勞模的待遇,表彰他們通過在家盡孝而對穩定社會所作出的表率和貢獻。
  加強農村基層組織的建設,使農村的孝道問題有人管。農村基層組織要把孝道教育作為農村精神文明建設的一項重要內容,選樹正反典型,讓大家從身邊人學起,形成敬孝子,譴逆子的良好氛圍。
  加強農村托老機構的建設,探索農村的社會化養老之路。經濟和社會的發展決定了家庭養老並非是農民養老的唯一模式,調查中,不少農村老人對入住社會化托老機構表示出嚮往和渴盼。現在的中青年農民外出打工的越來越多,春去冬歸,即使他們能保證自己的父母衣食無憂,也解決不了父母的精神孤寂,更談不上對父母日常生活的照料。因此,在經濟條件允許的農村,可嘗試建立專門的托老機構。
  加快農民養老社會化統籌的探討和試點。利用城市養老社會化統籌的成功經驗,加快農民養老社會化統籌的試點。但中國農村地域廣大,農村人口數額巨大,經濟和自然條件千差萬別,再加上農村人口的流動性和管理上的鬆散性,決定了這是一項十分複雜的工程。

  農村老人關於養老的語錄

  ■能幹,俺是兒女的勞力,不能幹,咱就成了人家的累贅。

  ■人老了,最靠不住的就是兒女呀,歹心的兒女都趕不上好心的鄰居。
  ■我養你們18年,你們養我8年還不行嗎?
  ■能動一天就得幹,不能幹躺下就等死。
  ■窮的富不得,一富就了不得。這兒女有了錢就沒了心,除了錢就誰也不認了。
  ■人可別老啊,老了難過呀!
  ■孝,是一輩講給一輩聽,一輩做給一輩看啊,沒啥大道理,全憑良心。
  ■老話說:家有一老,如有一寶。現在呢,是家有一老,如有一草。

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Lawrence
Thanks
2023/08/04 14:45
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Szaswdx
2023/06/23 18:29
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lukacs
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不是要推行狼文化?
2006/11/10 21:54

去看看那些網民憤青,還是高舉文革的偉大旗幟呢。中央是否定了文革,但青年們卻沒有呢。

再看中共領袖們,從毛以下,有誰講過孝道?他們誰也很少回鄉。鄧小平建國後回四川只有兩次。當年考慮的是走向人民公社,就沒有養老問題。但搞錯了,又回頭依賴經濟誘因,但依靠國企養老。現在國企沒了,就沒辦法了。

封建時代的中國傳統價值,現在全世界最稀薄處就是中國自己了。