20140204記事_響度戰爭_20140321 更新_20140329 更新

「響度戰爭」的英文是「Loudness War」，又叫作：「響度競爭」、「響度競賽」 (loudness race) 、或「音量競賽」。

阿國比較推薦用「響度戰爭」或「響度競爭」，又更偏好用「響度戰爭」。

※可參閱網際網路上的資源： 

• 「維基百科」 (Wikipedia Encyclopedia) 英文版頁面的解釋 (網頁) ： http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudness_war

• 「維基百科」正體中文版頁面的解釋 (網頁) ： http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%87%8F%E7%AB%9E%E8%B5%9B

• Pleasurize Music Foundation_Dynamic Range -∕-DR (網頁)  http://www.dynamicrange.de/

• loudness-war.info_Unofficial-Dynamic Range Database (網頁)  http://www.dr.loudness-war.info/

• blog.udn_音響阿國的部落格_「有些 CD 唱片不好聽嗎」 (網頁)  http://blog.udn.com/hckconsultant/9970921

• Google 搜尋_Loudness War (網頁)  https://www.google.com.tw/search?q=Loudness+War&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:zh-TW:official&client=firefox-a&channel=fflb&gfe_rd=ctrl&ei=lWoAU_HCMuqGmQWdpIHwAw&gws_rd=cr

• Google 搜尋_Loudness War+loudness race (網頁)  https://www.google.com.tw/search?client=firefox-a&hs=vGd&rls=org.mozilla%3Azh-TW%3Aofficial&channel=fflb&q=Loudness+War%2Bloudness+race&oq=Loudness+War%2Bloudness+race&gs_l=serp.12...218017.221872.0.224537.2.2.0.0.0.0.73.99.2.2.0....0...1c.1j2.35.serp..1.1.73.JLxExZDH07Q

• ProSoundWeb_Bobby Owsinski_ “In The Studio_Meet The New Loudness Measurement Standard” (網頁) http://www.prosoundweb.com/article/in_the_studio_meet_the_new_loudness_measurement_standard/

• Dolby Media Meter Software_Dolby Media Meter 2 (網頁) http://www.dolby.com/us/en/professional/software/broadcast/dolby-media-meter.html

• TC Electronic LM2 (Plug-in) (網頁) http://www.tcelectronic.com/lm2-plug-in/

• Loudness Explained (網頁) http://www.tcelectronic.com/loudness/loudness-explained/  

• WLM Plus Loudness Meter (網頁) http://www.waves.com/plugins/wlm-loudness-meter  

• Tontechnik-Rechner - sengpielaudio Sound Studio and Audio Calculations Audio and Acoustics Conversion Engines - Online (網頁) http://www.sengpielaudio.com/Calculations03.htm

Normal equal-loudness level contours from 2003 (new)

http://www.sengpielaudio.com/Acoustics226-2003.pdf

gif file: ISO 226:2003 − Normal equal-loudness contours (new)

http://www.sengpielaudio.com/ISO226LoudnessCurves.gif

Loudness/Volume − Sound level definition and the change of factors (網頁)

http://www.sengpielaudio.com/calculator-levelchange.htm

The human perception of loudness − Loudness factor gain ratio (網頁)

http://www.sengpielaudio.com/calculator-loudness.htm

Fletcher-Munson is not Robinson-Dadson − ISO 226:2003

http://www.sengpielaudio.com/Fletcher-MunsonIsNotRobinson-Dadson.pdf

dB dBu dBV Comparison Table_Level and level display (scale)_for PPM meters and VU meters (網頁)

http://www.sengpielaudio.com/MeterComparisonTable.htm

Decibel Table − SPL − Loudness Comparison Chart (網頁)

http://www.sengpielaudio.com/TableOfSoundPressureLevels.htm

※歷史文獻：

• Fletcher Harvey and Munson WA., Loudness, Its Definition, Measurement and Calculation. Bell System Technical Journal, v12: i4 October 1933.

http://www3.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol12-1933/articles/bstj12-4-377.pdf

• Olson, Harry F. (February 1972). “The Measurement of Loudness”. Audio: 18-22.

http://www.technicalaudio.com/pdf/Audio_magazine_issues_articles/Harry%20F.%20Olson%20-%20The%20Measurement%20of%20Loudness.pdf

• AES_Historical_Volume Indicators (“vu meters”)

Early History of the Evolution of the Volume Indicator, (1984) by John K. Hilliard. An original contribution, finally published.

http://www.aes.org/aeshc/pdf/hilliard_early-history-of-vi.pdf

• A New Standard Volume Indicator and Reference Level, (1940) by Chinn, Gannett, and Morris. The classic IRE paper on the development of the “vu meter”. Includes the history of volume indicators, the engineering factors in designing the meter, and the text of the original standard.

http://www.aes.org/aeshc/pdf/chinn_a-new-svi.pdf

• Some Questions and Answers on the Standard Volume Indicator (“vu meter”), by Jay McKnight. A personal interpretation of the Chinn et al paper.

http://www.aes.org/aeshc/pdf/mcknight_qa-on-the-svi-6.pdf

• “Measuring the Dynamics of a Standard Volume Indicator (SVI)”, by Jay McKnight. A “How to do it” paper.

http://www.aes.org/aeshc/pdf/mcknight_svi-measurement.pdf

• Earl Vickers, Metrics for Quantifying Loudness and Dynamics, AES 129th Convention, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2010 November 4-7.

metrics_for_quantifying_loudness_and_dynamics.pdf  

• blog.udn_音響阿國的部落格_『音量單位指示器』 (網頁)  

http://blog.udn.com/hckconsultant/article?f_ART_CATE=678136

※簡述「響度戰爭」(Loudness War) 的起因及過往直至現今：

• Earl Vickers (November 4, 2010). “The Loudness War: Background, Speculation and Recommendations”. AES 2010: Paper Sessions: Loudness and Dynamics. San Francisco: Audio Engineering Society. Retrieved July 14, 2011. 

http://www.sfxmachine.com/docs/loudnesswar/loudness_war.pdf

……

其它的還有仟佰，阿國懶得很，加上身體不好，所以就不列出了。

……

這「響度戰爭」的問題：

在兩方相互較勁，紛紡擾擾了超過 60 年，從類比時代到數位科技完全成熟之 64位元的今天。

有關這問題的網頁、敘述、文章、與論文、…等等，不下上萬。

有關「電聲」的眾多組織機構，也相繼地發表了許多直接與間接的「建議」與「標準」。

終於點出諸多問題的所在及解決的準據辦法。

響度戰爭已經「結束」了。 這是「確定」的。

正確的說，也應該說的是：「響度戰爭已經在結束的期間了。」

在做有關、涉及「聲頻」 (Audio) 工作的人員，注意啦…

「新的聲頻世界」大勢底定，不要錯過了…

阿國辛苦了好幾年；從無邊際的網際網路搜尋、查尋、與擷取了無數的檔案及頁面資訊。

在今年農曆年期間，我總結了所有有關的問題，結束了。

請不要來問我，我早已經不記筆記也不寫文章了。

許多年前，我也學習到「搞完及或搞懂之後，預設從腦袋的隨機記憶部份自動刪除」。

這樣，睡覺才能睡得著、才能完全睡眠、與休息；

否則，在睡覺時腦袋的 CPU 還在強力運轉，傷身啊。

……

Earth-Science → Physical Science ↔ Physiology ↔ Psycho-Acoustics ↔ Electro-Acoustics →……

『LUFS=LKFS=dBFS=dBTP』

……

※標準文件 

阿國註：下面的文件是標準及推薦與建議，其中有「簡體中文版」；這些簡體中文版或許在翻譯上有些許錯誤，所以阿國不掛保證。 可以用右鍵點選你所需要的超連結下載到您的電腦。

ITU (International Telecommunication Union) 

• ITU-R BS.1770: Algorithms to measure audio programme loudness and true-peak audio level

Approved in 2012-08

Access: Free Download

Recommendation BS.1770-3 (08/12), English Word 2007, Size: 2325554 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1770-3-201208-I!!MSW-E.docx

Recommendation BS.1770-3 (08/12), English Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 1533085 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1770-3-201208-I!!PDF-E.pdf

Recommendation BS.1770-3 (08/12), Chinese (簡體中文) Word 2007, Size: 2300373 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1770-3-201208-I!!MSW-C.docx

Recommendation BS.1770-3 (08/12), Chinese (簡體中文) Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 1869604 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1770-3-201208-I!!PDF-C.pdf

• ITU-R BS.1771: Requirements for loudness and true-peak indicating meters

Approved in 2012-01 

Access: Free Download

Recommendation BS.1771-1 (01.12), English Word 2007, Size: 1455852 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1771-1-201201-I!!MSW-E.docx

Recommendation BS.1771-1 (01.12), English Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 1409956 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1771-1-201201-I!!PDF-E.pdf

Recommendation BS.1771-1 (01.12), Chinese (簡體中文) Word 2007, Size: 1592518 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1771-1-201201-I!!MSW-C.docx

Recommendation BS.1771-1 (01.12), Chinese (簡體中文) Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 1728588 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1771-1-201201-I!!PDF-C.pdf

• ITU-R BS.1909: Performance requirements for an advanced multichannel stereophonic sound system for use with or without accompanying picture

Approved in 2012-01

Access: Free Download

Recommendation BS.1909-0 (01.12), English Word 2007, Size: 1382479 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1909-0-201201-I!!MSW-E.docx

Recommendation BS.1909-0 (01.12), English Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 1344136 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1909-0-201201-I!!PDF-E.pdf

Recommendation BS.1909-0 (01.12), Chinese (簡體中文) Word 2007, Size: 1543596 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1909-0-201201-I!!MSW-C.docx

Recommendation BS.1909-0 (01.12), Chinese (簡體中文) Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 1686763 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1909-0-201201-I!!PDF-C.pdf

• ITU-R BS.2051: Advanced sound system for programme production

Approved in 2014-02

Access: Free Download

Recommendation BS.2051-0 (02/2014), English Word 2007, Size: 2368063 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.2051-0-201402-I!!MSW-E.docx

Recommendation BS.2051-0 (02/2014), English Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 1646693 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.2051-0-201402-I!!PDF-E.pdf

• ITU-R BS.468: Measurement of audio-frequency noise voltage level in sound broadcasting

Approved in 1986-07

Access: Free Download

Recommendation BS.468-4 (07/86), English Word 2007, Size: 453120 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.468-4-198607-I!!MSW-E.doc

Recommendation BS.468-4 (07/86), English Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 197574 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.468-4-198607-I!!PDF-E.pdf

Recommendation BS.468-4 (07/86), Zip (Word), Size: 184173 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.468-4-198607-I!!ZWD-E.zip

• ITU-R BS.562: Subjective assessment of sound quality

『Note - Withdrawn on 6/10/04 (CACE/328) - This Recommendation has been replaced by Rec. ITU-R BS.1284』 

Approved in 1990-06

Access: Free Download

Recommendation BS.562-3 (06/90), English Word 2007, Size: 61952 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.562-3-199006-W!!MSW-E.doc

Recommendation BS.562-3 (06/90), English Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 104798 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.562-3-199006-W!!PDF-E.pdf

Recommendation BS.562-3 (06/90), Zip (Word), Size: 20059 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.562-3-199006-W!!ZWD-E.zip

• ITU-R BS.642: Limiters for high-quality sound-programme signals

Approved in 1990-06

Access: Free Download

Recommendation BS.642-1 (06/90), English Word 2007, Size: 74240 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.642-1-199006-I!!MSW-E.doc

Recommendation BS.642-1 (06/90), English Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 92247 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.642-1-199006-I!!PDF-E.pdf

• ITU-R BS.645: Test signals and metering to be used on international sound programme connections

Approved in 1992-03

Access: Free Download

Recommendation BS.645-2 (03/92), English Word 2007, Size: 93184 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.645-2-199203-I!!MSW-E.doc

Recommendation BS.645-2 (03/92), English Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 108414 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.645-2-199203-I!!PDF-E.pdf

• ITU-R BS.646: Source encoding for digital sound signals in broadcasting studios

Approved in 1992-03

Access: Free Download

Recommendation BS.646-1 (03/92), English Word 2007, Size: 44032 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.646-1-199203-I!!MSW-E.doc

Recommendation BS.646-1 (03/92), English Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 68020 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.646-1-199203-I!!PDF-E.pdf

• ITU-R BS.708: Determination of the electro-acoustical properties of studio monitor headphones

Approved in 1990-06

Access: Free Download

Recommendation BS.708-0 (06/90), English Word 2007, Size: 72704 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.708-0-199006-I!!MSW-E.doc

Recommendation BS.708-0 (06/90), English Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 102603 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.708-0-199006-I!!PDF-E.pdf

• ITU-R BS.775: Multichannel stereophonic sound system with and without accompanying picture

Approved in 2012-08

Access: Free Download

Recommendation BS.775-3 (08/12), English Word 2007, Size: 1680409 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.775-3-201208-I!!MSW-E.docx

Recommendation BS.775-3 (08/12), English Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 1547229 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.775-3-201208-I!!PDF-E.pdf

Recommendation BS.775-3 (08/12), Chinese (簡體中文) Word 2007, Size: 1806813 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.775-3-201208-I!!MSW-C.docx

Recommendation BS.775-3 (08/12), Chinese (簡體中文) Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 1809052 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.775-3-201208-I!!PDF-C.pdf

• ITU-R BS.1116: Methods for the subjective assessment of small impairments in audio systems including multichannel sound systems

Approved in 1997-10

Access: Free Download

Recommendation BS.1116-1 (10/97), English Word 2007, Size: 252928 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1116-1-199710-I!!MSW-E.doc

Recommendation BS.1116-1 (10/97), English Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 153108 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1116-1-199710-I!!PDF-E.pdf

• ITU-R BS.1283: A guide to ITU-R Recommendations for subjective assessment of sound quality

Approved in 2003-12

Access: Free Download

Recommendation BS.1283-1 (12/03), English Word 2007, Size: 197120 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1283-1-200312-I!!MSW-E.doc

Recommendation BS.1283-1 (12/03), English Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 105734 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1283-1-200312-I!!PDF-E.pdf

Recommendation BS.1283-1 (12/03), Zip (Word), Size: 45762 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1283-1-200312-I!!ZWD-E.zip

• ITU-R BS.1284: General methods for the subjective assessment of sound quality

『Note - This Recommendation replaces Rec. ITU-R BS.562-3

Approved in 2003-12

Access: Free Download

Recommendation BS.1284-1 (12/03), English Word 2007, Size: 83968 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1284-1-200312-I!!MSW-E.doc

Recommendation BS.1284-1 (12/03), English Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 128961 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1284-1-200312-I!!PDF-E.pdf

Recommendation BS.1284-1 (12/03), Zip (Word), Size: 22267 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1284-1-200312-I!!ZWD-E.zip

• ITU-R BS.1286: Methods for the subjective assessment of audio systems with accompanying picture

Approved in 1997-10

Access: Free Download

Recommendation BS.1286-0 (10/97), English Word 2007, Size: 88576 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1286-0-199710-I!!MSW-E.doc

Recommendation BS.1286-0 (10/97), English Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 117317 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1286-0-199710-I!!PDF-E.pdf

• ITU-R BS.1387: Method for objective measurements of perceived audio quality

『A CD ROM associated with this Recommendation (which contains the WAV-files referenced in section 7.3) can be purchased separately from the ITU Sales department (Email: sales@itu.int). 』

Approved in 2001-11

Access: Free Download

Recommendation BS.1387-1 (11/01), English Word 2007, Size: 1399296 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1387-1-200111-I!!MSW-E.doc

Recommendation BS.1387-1 (11/01), English Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 727696 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1387-1-200111-I!!PDF-E.pdf

Recommendation BS.1387-1 (11/01), Zip (Word), 418797 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1387-1-200111-I!!ZWD-E.zip

• ITU-R BS.1423: Guidelines for producing multichannel soundtracks using surround matrix techniques

Approved in 1999-12

Access: Free Download

Recommendation BS.1423-0 (12/99), English Word 2007, Size: 28672 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1423-0-199912-I!!MSW-E.doc

Recommendation BS.1423-0 (12/99), English Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 10833 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1423-0-199912-I!!PDF-E.pdf

• ITU-R BS.1693: Procedure for the performance test of automated query-by-humming systems

Approved in 2004-09

Access: Free Download

Recommendation BS.1693-0 (09/04), English Word 2007, Size: 45056 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1693-0-200409-I!!MSW-E.doc

Recommendation BS.1693-0 (09/04), English Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 114009 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1693-0-200409-I!!PDF-E.pdf

Recommendation BS.1693-0 (09/04), Zip (Word), Size: 12656 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1693-0-200409-I!!ZWD-E.zip

EBU (European Broadcasting Union)

• EBU_Loudness test set_Loudness_test set v03_Loudness test set (網頁)

https://tech.ebu.ch/publications/ebu_loudness_test_set

• EBU Test Material + other publications (網頁)

https://tech.ebu.ch/webdav/site/tech/shared/testmaterial/ebu-loudness-test-setv03.zip

• EBU_Loudness (網頁) https://tech.ebu.ch/loudness

• EBU R 128 (August 2011rev.) - Loudness normalisation and permitted maximum level of audio signals. http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/r/r128.pdf

• EBU Tech 3341 Metering Specification http://tech.ebu.ch/webdav/site/tech/shared/tech/tech3341.pdf  

• EBU Tech 3342 Loudness Range Descriptor http://tech.ebu.ch/webdav/site/tech/shared/tech/tech3342.pdf  

• EBU Tech 3343 Practical Guidelines  http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3343.pdf  

• EBU Tech 3344 Distribution Guidelines  http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3344.pdf  

• EBU Factsheet on Loudness (IBC 2012)  

https://tech.ebu.ch/webdav/site/tech/shared/factsheets/ebu_fs_loudness_web.pdf

• “On the way to Loudness Nirvana”  

https://tech.ebu.ch/webdav/site/tech/shared/techreview/trev_2010-Q3_loudness_Camerer.pdf

• Level and Distortion-in digital broadcasting, Thomas Lund (TC Electronic A/S), EBU Technical Review, April 2007

http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/techreview/trev_310-lund.pdf

• EBU R 68 Alignment level in digital audio production equipment and recorders

29 Dec 2000

『Recommendation that, in digital audio equipment, coding levels for digital audio signals are set such that they correspond to an alignment level which is 18 dB below the maximum possible coding level of the digital system, irrespective of the total number of bits available. 』

https://tech.ebu.ch/webdav/site/tech/shared/r/r068.pdf

• ITU-R BS.647: A digital audio interface for broadcasting studios

Approved in 2011-03

Access: Free Download

Recommendation BS.647-3 (03/11), English Word 2007, Size: 3316406 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.647-3-201103-I!!MSW-E.docx

Recommendation BS.647-3 (03/11), English Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 1865541 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.647-3-201103-I!!PDF-E.pdf

Recommendation BS.647-3 (03/11), Chinese (簡體中文) Word 2007, Size: 3028437 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.647-3-201103-I!!MSW-C.docx

Recommendation BS.647-3 (03/11), Chinese (簡體中文) Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 2108728 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.647-3-201103-I!!PDF-C.pdf

• ITU-R BS.647: A digital audio interface for broadcasting studios

Approved in 1992-03

Access: Free Download

Recommendation BS.647-2 (03/92), English Word 2007, Size: 390656 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.647-2-199203-S!!MSW-E.doc

Recommendation BS.647-2 (03/92), English Adobe Acrobat (pdf), Size: 151156 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.647-2-199203-S!!PDF-E.pdf

Recommendation BS.647-2 (03/92), Zip (Word), Size: 152911 bytes

http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.647-2-199203-S!!ZWD-E.zip

• ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee)_Recommended Practices 

http://www.atsc.org/cms/index.php/standards/recommended-practices

• ATSC A/85 (July 2011) - Techniques for Establishing and Maintaining Audio Loudness for Digital Television.

http://www.atsc.org/cms/standards/a_85-2011a.pdf

http://www.atsc.org/cms/standards/A_85-2013.pdf

『A/85 – Techniques for Establishing and Maintaining Audio Loudness for Digital Television
Tuesday, 12 March 2013 00:00
12 March 2013, Download PDF File
This Recommended Practice provides guidance to broadcasters and creators of audio for high-definition (HD) or standard-definition (SD) television content. It recommends production, distribution, and transmission practices needed to provide the highest quality audio soundtracks to the digital television audience. This RP focuses on audio measurement, production, and postproduction monitoring techniques, and methods to effectively control loudness for content delivery or exchange. It recommends methods to effectively control program-to-interstitial loudness, discusses metadata systems and use, and describes modern dynamic range control.』

※須要付費才能下載的：

AES (Audio Engineering Society)_AES Standard

• AES41-5-2012: AES standard for digital audio - Audio-embedded metadata - Part 5: EBU loudness, true-peak, and downmix (網頁) 

http://www.aes.org/publications/standards/search.cfm?docID=90

『Printing Date: 2012-07-20
Publication History: Pub. 2012
Abstract: AES41 provides for the carriage of audio metadata by embedding it in the audio samples themselves. This tightly associates the meta-data with the audio, yet makes it fragile so that changes to the audio will invalidate the meta-data. Several metadata sets have been defined, covering applications such as cascaded compression (bit rate reduction), and loudness control.』

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