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| 2011/12/07 20:20:28瀏覽251｜回應0｜推薦0 | ||
The Eight Inverted Views (Part 1)
學佛沒有什麼特別，最重要就是開智慧，才能消除無明。人生總是很顛倒，在法譬如水中，就先舉出八種顛倒，因為有了這八種顛倒，就容易造一切罪。所以我們現在知道，為什麼會有這八種顛倒？ In learning Buddha-Dharma, there is nothing more important than developing wisdom so that we can eliminate ignorance. Life is often confusing. In Dharma as Cleansing Water, we first talked about the Eight Inverted Views. Because of these Inverted Views, we easily commit wrongdoings. We must understand why there are Eight Inverted Views.  凡小八倒： 佛經裡說，就是凡夫和小乘之人，所起的顛倒見解。這八種顛倒，就是我們凡夫和修小乘者，才有這八種顛倒。 Buddhist Sutras indicate that these Inverted Views are held by ordinary people and Hinayana practitioners. The Eight Inverted Views exist due to ordinary people and Hinayana practitioners. 凡夫因為無明，小乘是獨善其身，所以雖然已經修行了，但是修在小乘，他還無法通達大道，所以他還是有偏見，所以他也有這樣的顛倒。這到底是哪八種呢？ Ordinary people are ignorant, and Hinayana practitioners cultivate in order to gain self-realization alone. They practice the Small Vehicle, so they are unable to reach the profound Path. They still have deviant and inverted views. What are the eight types of inverted views?  凡夫四倒： Clinging to impermanence as permanence, not-joy as joy, no-self as self, impurity as purity. 就是「非常計常，非樂計樂，非我計我，不淨計淨。」這就是凡夫的顛倒。 "Clinging to impermanence as permanence, not-joy as joy, no-self as self, impurity as purity." Those are ordinary people's Inverted Views.  小乘者四倒： Clinging to permanence as impermanence, joy as not-joy, the Greater Self as no-self, and purity as impurity. 再接下來，小乘則是「常計無常，樂計非樂」，再來就是「我計非我，淨計不淨。」這是另外小乘的見解，所以這共為八種顛倒。所以我們學佛最怕的，我們若有了顛倒，就容易起妄念，妄念不是真的正確。妄就是虛妄，又不真切明朗，這叫做妄。 For Hinayana practitioners, they are: "Clinging to permanence as impermanence, joy as not-joy, the Greater Self as no-self, and purity as impurity." These are the Hinayana views. Together they add up to Eight Inverted Views. Inverted Views are what we fear most when we practice Buddhism, because they easily give rise to delusions. Delusional thoughts are not real, they are fabrications. They are not genuine. 所以我們要如何了解它？我們現在詳細研究。 So how do we understand them? We need to consider this carefully. 我們要斷這四種煩惱，我們就要了解真理，所以我們有身、受、心和法這四樣。 To end these types of afflictions, we need to understand the Truth. So we should practice the Fourfold Mindfulness.  四念處： The Fourfold Mindfulness: Contemplate the body as impure. Contemplate sensations as suffering. Contemplate the mind as impermanent. Contemplate that all things have no self. 我們要知道於身，身是不淨的，我們大家都知道，我們要時時去觀，好好去觀察，我們人人都是因為有身，這個身體的感受，所以讓我們的心起了種種無明，然後於法就會起顛倒，容易消極。小乘者對佛法會變成很消極。 We need to know that the body is impure. We all understand this. So we must always observe and contemplate. Because we each have a body, the feelings associated with this body cause ignorance to arise in our minds. Then we become confused about the Dharma, and easily become passive. Hinayana practitioners can become passive. 所以若是凡夫，他若是不了解身的不淨，他就執著身是淨，就是因為太愛這個身體了。所以我們應該學佛的過程，我們要先了解這個身體。儒教也是這麼說：「人之大患，就是因為有這個身體。」所以因為身體就會去造很多很多惡業，受到很多苦難。 When ordinary people do not understand that the body is impure they fixate on it as being pure. This is because they love the body too much. So in the process of practicing Buddhism, we need to first understand the body. Confucianism indicates that our biggest troubles arise from the body. Because of the body, we create a lot of evil karma and endure a lot of pain and suffering.  學佛要了解真理 To learn Buddhism is to understand the Truth so that our minds will not follow the feelings of the body, and thus allow ignorance to arise, causing us to have Inverted Views on the Dharma. 佛陀所教我們的就是你要先去探討這個身體。 So the Buddha taught us to first examine it. 身體什麼時候是我？身體什麼時候是常？母親把我們生下來的時候，那時候是我，那時的名稱叫做嬰兒。大一點會走會跑了，那時候的名稱叫做兒童；再大一點十多歲了叫做少年；再大一點二十幾歲開始叫做青年；三十以上就叫做莊年；四十就中年了；慢慢慢慢變成老年。所以在我們小時候，幼小時有幼小的形象，長大的過程中有過程的形象，有過程的名稱。 At what age is our body really us ? At what point is the body permanent? After our mothers first gave birth to us, we were called babies. When we were older and could walk and run, we were called children. Then we got older, and we were called teenagers. We grew into our 20's, and we were called young adults. After 30, we are in our prime and in our 40's, we are middle-aged. Then, we slowly becomes seniors. When we were young, we looked young. As we age, we start to look different. Each stage of life has a name. 到底什麼時候是我們這個身體? 我們若是想到這個身體，不論是幼小或是青少年，這之間的身體，只有相同的一樣，就是不淨。不論你從幼年一直到老年，只要有這個身體，我們就有不淨身。 So at which stage is the body truly our body? Let us think about it. As it moves through these stages, there is only one thing in common: impurity. Whether we are young or old, our body is impure. 看看，七孔常流不淨物，這是健康的人，我們不論是從眼、耳、鼻、舌七孔；還有大小便利二孔，合起來稱作九孔常流不淨物，我們健康。但是有朝一日有了什麼病痛，發生了什麼意外，身體擦破皮或是有了一點傷害，就開始感染、腐爛。 We can see, the seven orifices often discharge impurities, even in a healthy person. The eyes, ears, nose, mouth, plus the two for urination and defecation make the Nine Orifices, which often discharge impurities. We are healthy, but we can become ill or have an accident. When the body is damaged, infections and decay set in. 從澎湖送來一位患者，一位年輕人，在澎湖醫療比較缺乏，所以從一場車禍的傷開始治療，一直不斷地惡化，惡化到腳一直腫，變成蜂窩性組織炎。不是一隻腳，兩隻腳都一直腫，腫得變成好像象腿一樣。所以不只是腳一直腫，因為他病了，不能走，不能出去，苦不堪言。 A young male patient was transferred from Penghu. The medical facilities there were inadequate, so his condition had actually worsened after his car accident. His leg was swollen and he developed cellulitis. It was not only leg, both his legs had swollen until they were the size of an elephant's. He could not walk or go out. He was suffering beyond words. 不是沒治療，從澎湖一直來到台灣，來來回回無數次，父母、兄弟也是照顧他，送來送去，但就是一直惡化，所以讓這位年輕人，身高是一百七十五公分，體重也到達了一百七十五公斤。這種就是惡性循環，身體沒有治療好一直惡化，自己又一直吃，所以一直肥胖起來，行動愈來愈艱難。 He traveled to Taiwan for treatments. He went back and forth many times. His parents and his brothers accompanied him and took care of him, but he got worse. This young man was 175 cm tall, and weighed 175 kg. It was a vicious cycle. He kept eating and gaining more weight, so it became harder for him to move. 一直到我們的人醫會到澎湖義診，他們當地人向我們的人醫會在義診中向我們提出這個個案，當時我們新店的醫院還沒啟業，所以他就提供我們的人醫會（成員）住在澎湖，有一位護理長。我們請她常去他家裡，幫他清洗腳，同時幫他換藥，希望是否這樣能改善？還是一樣沒辦法！盡管有這樣的愛心人，常常去他家裡幫他清洗，還是繼續腫。 Our medical staff held a free clinic in Penghu. Locals reported the case to us during the outreach. Xindian Hospital was not yet open at the time, so they arranged for a member of our medical association, a head nurse who lived in Penghu, to regularly visit him at his home. She helped wash his feet and change his dressings. They hoped this would help, but it did not. Although the kind nurse often washed his wounds, the swelling continued. 所以把這個個案再提起時，在我們新店醫院院長，他認為這個孩子，真的是罕見的病例，所以他希望把他送回來台灣，在台北就醫。就此開始，要把這個體重這麼重，而且兩隻腳又腫又爛，要如何回來呢? So when this case was raised again, our superintendent at the Xingian Hospital thought it was a very rare illness, and wished to bring the young man to Taipei for treatment. But to start with, how would they transport someone so heavy, with swollen and putrid legs? 所以在澎湖的慈誠隊，以及當地這位護理長，就想盡辦法向航空趕緊去交涉，從飛機裡拆掉兩張椅子，讓這個患者坐，由慈誠隊和護理長護送上飛機，陪伴他回回到台灣。 Members of the Faith Corps in Penghu and the local head nurse thought of a solution. They arranged with airline to remove two seats so the patient could sit down. The Faith Corps and the head nurse accompanied him on the flight. 台灣機場我們的人醫會和我們的慈誠隊，會同新店我們的醫院，趕緊去接這位年輕人，接回來我們新店(慈濟醫院)。接也很費力，也很麻煩。所以要用特別的車，他上車都要從車的後門進出，實在是很辛苦。我們可以想像，兩隻腳都爛了，那個味道可以想像出來，已經壞死掉的肉很臭。 After the Taiwan airport, our medical association and the Faith Corps coordinated with our Xindian Hospital to pick him up. It was very problematic and took a lot of effort to transport him to the hospital. We had to use a special car . He had to get in and through the back. It was truly difficult. As you can imagine his legs were putrid. The smell of dead tissue was really foul. 到達時，看到我們新店的院長，他趕緊召集各科有關的科系主任，都來會同會診，會診的結果，第一步要趕緊為他做，很徹底的清創，整個都要清創，看到要清瘡，怕他會痛，那要用刀子割、要用刷子刷、要用刀片刮會痛，所以我們要動員四位麻醉醫師，普通開刀不必動用那麼多人，但是為了這位年輕人，動員了四位麻醉科的主治醫師。為什麼呢？體積太大了！麻醉要打下去，無論是要抬、要翻都很費周章。 When he arrived, the superintendent of Xindian Hospital gathered the relevant departments heads to diagnose him. They decided to treat him with debridement, to completely remove the dead tissue. They considered the painfulness of debridement, since it is extremely painful to have tissue cut, Brushed and scraped. So we mobilized four anesthesiologists. We do not ordinarily need so many for surgery, but for this young man, we mobilized four anesthesiologists. Why? His body mass was great. Administering the anesthesia required a lot of effort to lift him or flip him over. 不過大家還是用愛、耐心、疼愛的心，忍住那股非常臭的味道，為他做身體上的治療處理。沒有人嫌臭，沒有人嫌麻煩，尤其是幫他清理好時，這是第一次的清理。之後舒服多了。 But everyone used love and patience to endure the extreme stench during the procedure, while comforting his spirit and treating his body. Nobody complained about the stench or the hassle. Once they did the first clearing of dead tissue, he felt more comfortable. 父親陪他來在身邊，對我們的醫師這麼說：「就一直腫一直腫，腫到最近忽然間傷口裂開，血一直流不止，好像水溝的水在流一樣。」這個孩子就說：「哪裡只是血在流是噴出來的！整個裂開了，因為傷口併裂，靜脈血管裂開，血就整個噴出來。」 His father accompanied him, and told our doctors, "He kept swelling until the wounds suddenly ruptured, and blood kept flowing like water running through the sewers." The young man said, "The blood wasn't just flowing, it was spurting. The wounds completely ruptured, the veins split open, and blood spurted." 我們聽他們父子互相對談，我們已經覺得很不忍心，也是聽得很恐懼。 Hearing this conversation. Was unbearable and frightening, was unbearable and frightening. 各位，身不淨，只是一場車禍，在偏僻，就是要過海的小島，是不是有治療？有！只是醫療資源不太豐富。也只是一場車禍而已，說起來應該也很簡單。但是不斷惡化，就是台灣、澎湖來回，苦不堪言。所以這真的是觀身不淨。 Everyone, the body is impure. This was just a car- accident that happened on a remote island. Was treatment available? Yes, but the medical facilities were inadequate. It was just a car accident, it should have been a simple case but his condition kept worsening. They kept travelling between Taiwan and Penghu. It was suffering beyond works. So we must contemplate the body as impure 常常聽到，一口氣進出時叫做健康。甚至我們一口氣出去不進來，也不必多久，差不多裡面就長蟲、外面腐爛了。這若是在夏天，不必一天！所以你們想，活著時受傷就這麼臭了，等到一口氣不進來腐爛掉，你看，這個身體多清淨呢？一點都不清淨！ We often hear that health is being able to breathe in and out. When we stop breathing, it does not take long for worms to grow inside, and for decay to occur outside. In the summertime, this will take less than a day. So if one's injuries can smell so foul while one is still alive, and one starts to decay immediately after death how pure can the body be? Not pure at all.  明白觀身不淨的道理 When we understand the truth that the body is impure, then we will keep it healthy. The body is the vessel for spiritual practice. Only with a healthy body can one engage in spiritual practice. 但是雖然身很不清淨，我們若是發心修行，我們要好好保護這個身體，因為身是載道器，有這個身體我們才能做事情，有這個身體健康，我們才能修行。不過我們要知道，這個身體的道理就是不清淨；我們也要知道，要透徹明白道理，就是要保持身體的健康。 Although the body is impure, we need to protect it when we vow to practice, because it is a vessel for spiritual practice. We need this body to accomplish things. We need a healthy body in order to engage in spiritual practice. But we must understand that this body is fundamentally impure. We also must know that to thoroughly comprehend the principles, we need to maintain our health. 所以說來，要如何能行中道？我們若是一直想著身不清淨，獨善其身；反而把不淨的身體當作清淨，這也是很危險。所以小乘的修行者觀身不淨；凡夫顛倒把它當成清淨。他們沒有去了解，小時候、年老的時候，什麼時候是這個身體，這個身體裡面的組織是什麼？他都沒有去了解。 So in the end, how do we practice the Middle Way? We may keep thinking the body is impure and practice in solitude, or we may keep seeing the impure body as pure. This is dangerous. Hinayana practitioners view the body as impure, but ordinary people reverse it and see it as pure; they do not understand. At what age is it our body? When we are young? When we are old? What is the composition of the body? They do not try to understand. 這種的凡夫只是就眼前如何能享受，如何我能高興隨心所欲，用這個身體去做很多不對的事，這都是對身體的道理不了解。 They only enjoy what is before them, and yield to their hearts' desires. So they use their bodies to do many wrong things, because they do not understand the principles. 所以無論是修行者，我們既然知道了，我們就要把這個身體運用為載道器。我們必定要利用身體修行，修行不是修小乘行，我們要修菩薩行。 As practitioners once we know this, we must treat it as a vessel for cultivation. We must use it to practice, not Hinayana, but the Bodhisattva-path. 所以觀身不淨的道理很深。請大家要知道觀身不淨，所以要時時提高警覺，不論是衣食住行，無不都是從這個身體。所以大家在衣食住行中要多用心！ The concept of contemplating the body as impure. Is very profound, so we must all understand it. We have to constantly be more vigilant, whether with our clothes, food, housing or travel. They all relate to this body. So regarding clothes, food housing, and travels, please always be mindful. |
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