I. The Psychological Underpinnings of this Strange Political Summer
1.探討Brexit公投脫歐,以及Donald Trump崛起的原因
2.三大概念
(1)emergence is not effectiveness
emergence是領導者被成功選上位置的過程,effectiveness是選上後他是否能有效的勝任領導工作?有情況為,一人雖然emerge但就任後表現極差,一人雖有effectiveness潛力,但終究無法被選上。Brexit脫歐派領袖雖然成功被推為領導者,但當他們發現自己之後無法有效領導脫歐變局時,便退出了,是emerge但無法effective的狀況。相對的,Boris Johnson和David Cameron雖然已是領導者,但被大眾批評為不適任(non-effective)。這就證明emergence和effectiveness是兩者不同的概念,不一定有因果關係。
(2)vision without implementation is just hallucination
Brexit脫歐領袖開出多個幾乎不可能實現的支票,但因為比status-quo好,所以被選民愛戴。研究指出,當政見簡單空泛,而不容易實現時,候選人較有說服力。相對的,當政見複雜且無聊,而較為實際時,通常對選民沒有吸引力。有時,候選人告訴選民他們[想]知道的,比告訴她們他們[必須要]知道的,比較容易成功。所以當候選人利用民粹主義、非主流論述、顯得真誠,都有機會打被主流候選人。但是這些富有魅力的領導人,如果政見只是好聽但騙人,這樣最後可憐的仍是不理性的選民
(3)persuasion is a game of emotions rather than reason
根據事後分析,選票結果跟每區的人口變數明顯相關,跟兩方的論述邏輯強度關聯很小。社會階級和分群,主要的主宰了Brexit結果,swing voters其實比想像中的少。選民選擇的領導者,要能呼應自己的偏誤,且選民無法了解另一派的論述邏輯。因為選民是非理性且認知偏誤的。
當我們用心理概念(非領性的情緒與偏誤)來預測這些變局的結果時,有時會比起用政治科學的正規模型,還要準確
II. 6 Ways to Make the Most of your Internship
1.Start with relentless punctuality
提早到,晚點走,不論開會或報告死線都一樣
2.Complete each task with excellence
不要拒絕無關緊要、無聊的小機會
3.Take on more work- without being asked
做別人不想做的事,或是別人沒有想到可以做的事
4.be resourceful
遇到問題時,自己先研究,再問問題,會顯現出你的才智與獨立
5.ask questions- good ones
用心準備高水準的問題
6.build professional relationships
跟大家做好朋友
III. What great listeners actually do?
1.別人在講話時,不只要安靜、或複述,重要的是問他問題
2.聽者要建立安全的溝通環境,讓對方覺得被支持,增加信心
3.不要一直想鑽別人的論述邏輯漏洞,他不是來辯論而是來尋求幫助的
4.可以給別人意見,但要先符合上述1-3,給的意見才會舒服
IV. Millennials think about work too much
以下三個實驗,是用來了解千禧年世代,最看重(value and appreciate)的是甚麼
1.gratitude test:
jot down three things that happened today or yesterday that made you feel grateful.” Users were directed to think of a broad range of possibilities: “It could be something someone did for you, something you did for yourself, or just the simple fact that the sun was shining.”
THE RESULTS:
每個年齡層最主要的回應都是 “spending quality time with family and friends “,但千禧年世代最看重的是positive interactions with colleagues,” “having a low-stress commute,” “getting a new job,” “being satisfied with an existing job,” “sleeping,” and “relaxing in bed.” 。
2.long-term goal test:
THE RESULTS
問及人生目標,各年齡層最看重的是時間管理、身心靈健康。千禧年世代更強調工作方面的,例如福利更好、薪水更高、上班時間更吸引人、工作平衡、工作與人生目標相符等。
3.short-term goal test:
THE RESULTS
千禧年的四大回應為 “do things from my to-do list,” “apply for a job,” “get out of my comfort zone,” and “stop worrying.”
V. The problem with millennials? They're way to hard on themselves
千禧世代不斷與同儕比較,製造焦慮感和不確定性,因為
1.誤以為別人在社群平台上PO的成就與享樂,都是全部事實
即使知道有些文章是curated的,忽略困苦,但大家還是會比較。有研究指出,每天用FB越久的的人,自我感覺越不好
2.新聞媒體過度吹捧hypersuccessful之同儕
例如Forbes 30 under 30,即使起到鼓勵作用,但更多的是逼迫千禧年對自己更嚴格
3.太多職涯選擇了,自我潛力是真還是假
VI. 4 Factors that predict start-up success, and one that doesn't
1.女性創始人團隊成功率較全男性高
2.年輕團隊勝過年老團隊
3.高學歷團隊表現較好
4.在頂尖科技大公司待過的人,成功率較高
5.不是每個新創都來自矽谷
參考資料
https://hbr.org/2016/07/the-psychological-underpinnings-of-this-strange-political-summer?referral=00206&cm_mmc=email-_-newsletter-_-leadership-_-leadership_date&utm_source=newsletter_leadership&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=leadership_date#
https://hbr.org/2016/07/6-ways-to-make-the-most-of-your-internship
https://hbr.org/2016/07/what-great-listeners-actually-do
https://hbr.org/2016/07/research-millennials-think-about-work-too-much
https://hbr.org/2016/05/the-problem-with-millennials-theyre-way-too-hard-on-themselves
https://hbr.org/2016/05/4-factors-that-predict-startup-success-and-one-that-doesnt