[1] 由上而下法(Top-Down Approach )→先針對全球總體經濟進行分析，評估比較各國的經濟狀況後，選擇某一國家(地區)及其最具潛力的產業，最後再將研究範圍逐漸縮小至該產業中的潛力個股；由下而上法(Bottom-Up Approach)→以單一(具指標性)個股為出發點，先鎖定一家獲利能力、經營管理突出的公司，並與同業進行比較，評量其在產業中的地位及競爭優勢，同時研判該公司股價與大盤股價指數的相對位置，最後分析該公司產品未來的成長潛力以及股價的合理性，以決定是否投資該公司的股票。

[2] 「In the context of the English-Chinese undergraduate translation classroom, both instructors and students are familiar with the Micro (bottom-up) approach to the teaching of translation, which is largely associated with their mutual experience of learning a foreign language. However, this study argues that the Macro (top-down) approach can better provide a professional training for the students so that they are more prepared for the nonliterary translation of today.」Chiung-ying Chang(張瓊瑩), Ph.D. candidate in Translation Pedagogy, Department of Linguistics,Macquarie University, Sydney,Australia。