字體：小 中 大 |
|
|
|
| 2010/08/19 08:03:37瀏覽1358｜回應0｜推薦0 | |
A908上- 個人理財 與 社會福利 JCW 2010/08/10. NoDerives (ND) Creative commons Copyright. ▽ External Link ▽ (1). My forum: https://city.udn.com/61613/forum (3). It's fun: http://blog.udn.com/jctheoldman (2). My blog: http://blog.udn.com/jcwang00/article (4). Relay Story: http://blog.udn.com/JC00 ---------------------------Translate多語言翻譯器 ---------------------- 人民的三大願望及對策： 1. 概無失業之憂 – 學後教育，失業保險，國家工程軍 2. 不受通貨膨脹之擾 – 產物保險，產銷控制 3. 生無病痛，老有所終 – 國民健康保險，公醫安養護，安樂死合法化 看如何對付。 *** *** *** *** 理財是首要問題；維基百科中文篇有不少資料，英文篇說的更具體……… ★(1). 個人理財、PersonalFinance-Wikipedia - 本文後附「維基投資」英文篇的「個人理財」[★(3).PersonalFinance]說的比較詳細 ☆ 金融信用及債務 - 信用卡 卡債 標會 債務整合 放款 貸款 按揭 典當 注意，外行人不懂的事：時常欠款又如期還清的人比從來都不動用信用去借錢的人有更好的信用紀錄或「借貸成績」；他的信用額度也更容易擴大。所以，想在銀行有較好的信用，就得多向它借錢，借還越多次越好；因此，就有利用這個特點借鉅款不還的。 ☆ 任職合同 - 工資 工資支票 工資直接存款 員工股票選擇權 員工福利 ☆ 退休 - 退休計劃 退休帳戶 退休金 社會保障 商業計劃 企業改制 ☆ 理財計劃 - 共同基金 理財諮詢 遺產計劃與管理 股市 保險 投資 ☆ 金融 - 金融市場 公司金融學 金融市場參與者 銀行 個人理財 財務自由 公共財政 金融監管 ☆ Personal finance is the application of the principles of finance to the monetary decisions of an individual or family unit. It addresses the ways in which individuals or families obtain, budget, save, and spend monetary resources over time, taking into account various financial risks and future life events. Components of personal finance might include checking and savings accounts, credit cards and consumer loans, investments in the stock market, retirement plans, social security benefits, insurance policies, and income tax management. ☆ Personal financial planning - A key component of personal finance is financial planning, a dynamic process that requires regular monitoring and reevaluation. In general, it has five steps: Assessment: One's personal financial situation can be assessed by compiling simplified versions of financial balance sheets and income statements. A personal balance sheet lists the values of personal assets (e.g., car, house, clothes, stocks, bank account), along with personal liabilities (e.g., credit card debt, bank loan, mortgage). A personal income statement lists personal income and expenses. Setting goals: Two examples are "retire at age 65 with a personal net worth of $1,000,000" and "buy a house in 3 years paying a monthly mortgage servicing cost that is no more than 25% of my gross income". It is not uncommon to have several goals, some short term and some long term. Setting financial goals helps direct financial planning. Creating a plan: The financial plan details how to accomplish your goals. It could include, for example, reducing unnecessary expenses, increasing one's employment income, or investing in the stock market. Execution: Execution of one's personal financial plan often requires discipline and perseverance. Many people obtain assistance from professionals such as accountants, financial planners, investment advisers, and lawyers. Monitoring and reassessment: As time passes, one's personal financial plan must be monitored for possible adjustments or reassessments. ☆ Six key areas of personal financial planning - Typical goals most adults have are paying off credit card and or student loan debt, retirement, college costs for children, medical expenses, and estate planning. The six key areas of personal financial planning, as suggested by the Financial Planning Standards Board, are: 1 - Financial Position: this area is concerned with understanding the personal resources available by examining net worth and household cash flow. Net worth is a person's balance sheet, calculated by adding up all assets under that person's control, minus all liabilities of the household, at one point in time. Household cash flow totals up all the expected sources of income within a year, minus all expected expenses within the same year. From this analysis, the financial planner can determine to what degree and in what time the personal goals can be accomplished. 2 - Adequate Protection: the analysis of how to protect a household from unforeseen risks. These risks can be divided into liability, property, death, disability, health and long term care. Some of these risks may be self-insurable, while most will require the purchase of an insurance contract. Determining how much insurance to get, at the most cost effective terms requires knowledge of the market for personal insurance. Business owners, professionals, athletes and entertainers require specialized insurance professionals to adequately protect themselves. Since insurance also enjoys some tax benefits, utilizing insurance investment products may be a critical piece of the overall investment planning. 3 - Tax Planning: typically the income tax is the single largest expense in a household. Managing taxes is not a question of if you will pay taxes, but when and how much. Government gives many incentives in the form of tax deductions and credits, which can be used to reduce the lifetime tax burden. Most modern governments use a progressive tax. Typically, as your income grows, you pay a higher marginal rate of tax. Understanding how to take advantage of the myriad tax breaks when planning your personal finances can make a significant impact upon your success. 4 - Investment and Accumulation Goals: planning how to accumulate enough money to acquire items with a high price is what most people consider to be financial planning. The major reasons to accumulate assets is for the following: a - purchasing a house; b - purchasing a car; c - starting a business; d - paying for education expenses; e - accumulating money for retirement, to generate a stream of income to cover lifestyle expenses. Achieving these goals requires projecting what they will cost, and when you need to withdraw funds. A major risk to the household in achieving their accumulation goal is the rate of price increases over time, or inflation. Using net present value calculators, the financial planner will suggest a combination of asset earmarking and regular savings to be invested in a variety of investments. In order to overcome the rate of inflation, the investment portfolio has to get a higher rate of return, which typically will subject the portfolio to a number of risks. Managing these portfolio risks is most often accomplished using asset allocation, which seeks to diversify investment risk and opportunity. This asset allocation will prescribe a percentage allocation to be invested in stocks, bonds, cash and alternative investments. The allocation should also take into consideration the personal risk profile of every investor, since risk attitudes vary from person to person. 5 - Retirement Planning: retirement planning is the process of understanding how much it costs to live at retirement, and coming up with a plan to distribute assets to meet any income shortfall. 6 - Estate Planning: involves planning for the disposition of your asset when you die. Typically, there is a tax due to the state or federal government at your death. Avoiding these taxes means that more of your assets will be distributed to your heirs. You can leave your assets to family, friends or charitable groups. ☆ See also：Accounting software；Corporate finance；Credit card debt；Debt； Consolidation；Equity investment；Financial literacy；Financial Literacy Month；Family planning；Insurance；Investment；List of personal finance related articles；Mortgage loan；Payday loan；Pension；Personal budget；Personal financial management；Separately managed account；Settlement (finance)；Wealth；Wealth management External links：Free Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning articles. *** *** *** *** ★(2). 社會保障、SocialSecurity-Wikipedia：Social security is primarily a social insurance program providing social protection, or protection against socially recognized conditions, including poverty, old age, disability, unemployment and others. Social security may refer to: 1- social insurance, where people receive benefits or services in recognition of contributions to an insurance scheme. These services typically include provision for retirement pensions, disability insurance, survivor benefits and unemployment insurance. 2- income maintenance - mainly the distribution of cash in the event of interruption of employment, including retirement, disability and unemployment 3- services provided by administrations responsible for social security. In different countries this may include medical care, aspects of social work and even industrial relations. 4- More rarely, the term is also used to refer to basic security, a term roughly equivalent to access to basic necessities - things such as food, clothing, shelter, education, money, and medical care. [C o n t e n t s]： 4 Social protection in sub-Saharan Africa - 4.1 Equatorial Guinea；4.2 Mali 5 See also：Cash transfers；Civil defense；Contingencies fund；Department for Work and Pensions；Employees' Provident Fund Organisation of India；Generational accounting；Health care system；Human rights；Human security；Intergenerationality；International Social Security Association；Franco Modigliani National Health Service；Prevention；Publicly-funded health care；National health insurance；National Insurance (UK)；Social policy；Social safety net；Social Security Administration；Social Security debate (United States)；Social Security Disability Insurance；Social Security number；Social Security Trust Fund；Social Security in France；Social welfare provision；South African Social Security Agency；The Four Pillars；Welfare Rights；Welfare state；Social Security (United States)；Social Security (Sweden)；Social Security (Australia)；Central Provident Fund (Singapore) * Social security Web portal of the International Social Security Association *GESS - Knowledge sharing platform on the extension of social security *Social Protection & Labor Program of the World Bank *Social Protection Program of the World Bank Institute *Social Protection research from the Overseas Development Institute *Online guide to basic social protection concepts and issues *Further resources on social protection (particularly in reference to developing countries) are available on the Governance and Social Development Resource Centre's topic guide on social protection *OECD - Social Expenditure database (SOCX) Website ☆ 社會保險或社會保障，指一種社會保險或保障機制，幫助公民面對某些社會風險如：失業、疾病、事故、衰老、死亡等，或是保障基本得生存資源如：教育、醫療等。現代社會保險是由奧托·馮·俾斯麥於19世紀在德國創立的。 ☆ 各地社會保險： * 中國大陸 - 參見：離休、退休、社保及社會保障基金 (中國) * 台灣 - 參見：健保、勞保、農保、國民年金(Wikipedia資料)、軍公教18％優惠存款(http://www.retire.idv.tw/board1/Detail.asp?TitleID=20)、公教人員保險簡介(臺灣銀行http://www.bot.com.tw/GESSI/GESSI_intro/Pages/default.aspx)、全國法規資料庫-公教人員保險法(民國九十八年六月十二日修正) * 香港 – 見：解密百年香港→內容文字稿→第二十九集Part 2『還富於民』：香港的社會保障「四大支柱」是：公共房屋；公營醫療；免費教育(十二年小學及中學免費教育)；綜合社會保障援助計劃 (經濟上無法自給自足的香港市民的社會福利安全網制度)。此外2000年開始實行強積金，強制由僱員及僱主共同供款之退休金制度。 * 澳門 - 社會保障基金 === 待續 ===
|
|
| ( 時事評論｜政治 ) |
