CHAPTER III  第三章

Concerning Mixed Principalities  混合型的君主國

BUT the difficulties occur in a new principality. And firstly, if it be not entirely new, but is, as it were, a member of a state which, taken collectively, may be called composite, the changes arise chiefly from an inherent difficulty which there is in all new principalities; for men change their rulers willingly, hoping to better themselves, and this hope induces them to take up arms against him who rules: wherein they are deceived, because they afterwards find by experience they have gone from bad to worse. This follows also on another natural and common necessity, which always causes a new prince to burden those who have submitted to him with his soldiery and with infinite other hardships which he must put upon his new acquisition.

In this way you have enemies in all those whom you have injured in seizing that principality, and you are not able to keep those friends who put you there because of your not being able to satisfy them in the way they expected, and you cannot take strong measures against them, feeling bound to them. For, although one may be very strong in armed forces, yet in entering a province one has always need of the goodwill of the natives.

對於新的君主而言，特別是非全然嶄新卻帶含著新舊情況下，做這樣的君主是較困難的。人們期待“明天會更好”的心理下起兵造反，卻發現並非如此，而有上當的感覺，謂“舊的壞了，新的更糟”，往往形成游擊隊式的餘禍。第二章曾說革新的結果，常帶來更多的革新的需求心理，政局的穩定度很難捉摸。原來在戰場上立功的戰將要犒賞，戰爭後的民心要收攏；“可以馬上得天下，不能馬上治天下”兩者間的輕重可是智慧的考驗。

For these reasons Louis XII, King of France, quickly occupied Milan, and as quickly lost it; and to turn him out the first time it only needed Lodovico's own forces; because those who had opened the gates to him, finding themselves deceived in their hopes of future benefit, would not endure the ill-treatment of the new prince. It is very true that, after acquiring rebellious provinces a second time, they are not so lightly lost afterwards, because the prince, with little reluctance, takes the opportunity of the rebellion to punish the delinquents, to clear out the suspects, and to strengthen himself in the weakest places. Thus to cause France to lose Milan the first time it was enough for the Duke Lodovico to raise insurrections on the borders; but to cause him to lose it a second time it was necessary to bring the whole world against him, and that his armies should be defeated and driven out of Italy; which followed from the causes above mentioned.

Nevertheless Milan was taken from France both the first and the second time. The general reasons for the first have been discussed; it remains to name those for the second, and to see what resources he had, and what any one in his situation would have had for maintaining himself more securely in his acquisition than did the King of France.

法王路易十二Louis XII的情況，是得失米蘭兩回轉眼間。借“吳三桂”者得到米蘭；當然開城門迎法王當是有所求才為之，在法王路易十二未滿足其期待下，形成新的反抗，Lodovico Sforza便趁機復取失土地。Lodovico Sforza原是米蘭的公爵，從法王路易十二手中再度收復米蘭。但是政治是詭譎多變，Lodovico Sforza還是再敗於法王手中，失去了米蘭。對君王來說將原來的盲點重新檢視，前車之鑑做為調整統理的方法，在內對反叛者糾舉懲罰、清除異己，防外侵、加強邊防，想從其手中再拿下就難多了。本書教導如此驚愕的策略，當是以歷史為鏡有感而來。

Now I say that those dominions which, when acquired, are added to an ancient state by him who acquires them, are either of the same country and language, or they are not. When they are, it is easier to hold them, especially when they have not been accustomed to self-government; and to hold them securely it is enough to have destroyed the family of the prince who was ruling them; because the two peoples, preserving in other things the old conditions, and not being unlike in customs, will live quietly together, as one has seen in Brittany, Burgundy, Gascony, and Normandy, which have been bound to France for so long a time: and, although there may be some difference in language, nevertheless the customs are alike, and the people will easily be able to get on amongst themselves. He who has annexed them, if he wishes to hold them, has only to bear in mind two considerations: the one, that the family of their former lord is extinguished; the other, that neither their laws nor their taxes are altered, so that in a very short time they will become entirely one body with the old principality.

歐洲的大版圖上，語言文化交流普遍，會多種語言是常見的。在屬地自古就有互相合併以擴張領土併入的情形，有相同語言或不同者。在未習慣自治的區域，將其併入是較易掌控的；改朝換代是交出既有的皇室及臣相的權益，摧毀其治理的皇族，在生活習慣上保有原來的模式，併入的過程逐步靜默的合而為一體。看過如的Brittany布列塔尼， Burgundy勃根地，Gascony， 與 Normandy諾曼地併入法國已久，在語言習俗幾乎相同，容易溝通相處。要併吞其為屬地，謹記在心：一是先讓原統治的皇室熄燈號，二為保持原有的稅制規章；如此便輕易的融合如一體國。