此模型在加入了「金融風暴」的變數之後,還可以模擬地主向政府申請拍賣土地。由政府拍賣土地是有好處的,它的好處就是得標人可以取得 100%的土地持分,但是私人賣賣土地卻不能,因為私人買賣土地無法讓政府確實了解土地的真實價值,所以政府持分是不會改變的。 請看以下的模型: 民國 | 土地市價 | 市場漲幅 | 公告地價 | 公告漲幅 | 地主持分 | 政府持分 | 地主坐擁 | 100 | $30,000 | 2.00% | $10,000 | 1.00% | 100.00% | 0.00% | $30,000 | 101 | $30,600 | 2.00% | $10,100 | 1.00% | 99.01% | 0.99% | $30,297 | 102 | $31,212 | 2.00% | $10,201 | 1.00% | 98.03% | 1.97% | $30,597 | 103 | $31,836 | 2.00% | $10,303 | 1.00% | 97.06% | 2.94% | $30,900 | 104 | $32,473 | 2.00% | $10,406 | 1.00% | 96.10% | 3.90% | $31,206 | 105 | $33,122 | 2.00% | $10,510 | 1.00% | 95.15% | 4.85% | $31,515 | 106 | $33,785 | 2.00% | $10,615 | 1.00% | 94.20% | 5.80% | $31,827 | 107 | $34,461 | -12.00% | $10,721 | -6.00% | 93.27% | 6.73% | $32,142 | 108 | $30,325 | 2.00% | $10,078 | 1.00% | 99.23% | 0.77% | $30,090 | 109 | $30,932 | 2.00% | $10,179 | 1.00% | 98.24% | 1.76% | $30,388 | 110 | $31,550 | 2.00% | $10,281 | 1.00% | 97.27% | 2.73% | $30,689 | 111 | $32,181 | 2.00% | $10,383 | 1.00% | 96.31% | 3.69% | $30,993 | 112 | $32,825 | 2.00% | $10,487 | 1.00% | 95.35% | 4.65% | $31,300 | 113 | $33,482 | 2.00% | $10,592 | 1.00% | 94.41% | 5.59% | $31,610 | 114 | $34,151 | 2.00% | $10,698 | 1.00% | 93.47% | 6.53% | $31,923 | 115 | $34,834 | 2.00% | $10,805 | 1.00% | 92.55% | 7.45% | $32,239 | 116 | $35,531 | 2.00% | $10,913 | 1.00% | 91.63% | 8.37% | $32,558 | 117 | $36,242 | -12.00% | $36,242 | -6.00% | 100.00% | 0.00% | $36,242 | 118 | $31,893 | 2.00% | $34,067 | 1.00% | 100.00% | 0.00% | $33,928 | 119 | $32,530 | 2.00% | $34,408 | 1.00% | 100.00% | 0.00% | $34,264 | 120 | $33,181 | 2.00% | $34,752 | 1.00% | 100.00% | 0.00% | $34,603 | 121 | $33,845 | 2.00% | $35,100 | 1.00% | 100.00% | 0.00% | $34,946 | 122 | $34,522 | 2.00% | $35,451 | 1.00% | 100.00% | 0.00% | $35,292 | 123 | $35,212 | 2.00% | $35,805 | 1.00% | 100.00% | 0.00% | $35,641 | 124 | $35,916 | 2.00% | $36,163 | 1.00% | 100.00% | 0.00% | $35,994 | 125 | $36,635 | 2.00% | $36,525 | 1.00% | 99.23% | 0.77% | $36,351 | 126 | $37,367 | 2.00% | $36,890 | 1.00% | 98.24% | 1.76% | $36,711 | 127 | $38,115 | -12.00% | $37,259 | -6.00% | 97.27% | 2.73% | $37,074 | 128 | $33,541 | 2.00% | $35,024 | 1.00% | 100.00% | 0.00% | $34,708 | 129 | $34,212 | 2.00% | $35,374 | 1.00% | 100.00% | 0.00% | $35,051 | 130 | $34,896 | 2.00% | $35,728 | 1.00% | 100.00% | 0.00% | $35,398 | 131 | $35,594 | 2.00% | $36,085 | 1.00% | 100.00% | 0.00% | $35,749 | 132 | $36,306 | 2.00% | $36,446 | 1.00% | 99.44% | 0.56% | $36,103 | 133 | $37,032 | 2.00% | $36,810 | 1.00% | 98.46% | 1.54% | $36,460 | 134 | $37,772 | 2.00% | $37,178 | 1.00% | 97.48% | 2.52% | $36,821 | 135 | $38,528 | 2.00% | $37,550 | 1.00% | 96.52% | 3.48% | $37,186 | 136 | $39,298 | 2.00% | $37,925 | 1.00% | 95.56% | 4.44% | $37,554 | 137 | $40,084 | -12.00% | $38,305 | -6.00% | 94.61% | 5.39% | $37,926 | 138 | $35,274 | 2.00% | $36,006 | 1.00% | 100.00% | 0.00% | $35,505 | 139 | $35,980 | 2.00% | $36,367 | 1.00% | 99.66% | 0.34% | $35,857 | 140 | $36,699 | 2.00% | $36,730 | 1.00% | 98.67% | 1.33% | $36,212 | 141 | $37,433 | 2.00% | $37,097 | 1.00% | 97.69% | 2.31% | $36,570 | 142 | $38,182 | 2.00% | $37,468 | 1.00% | 96.73% | 3.27% | $36,932 | 143 | $38,946 | 2.00% | $37,843 | 1.00% | 95.77% | 4.23% | $37,298 | 144 | $39,725 | 2.00% | $38,222 | 1.00% | 94.82% | 5.18% | $37,667 | 145 | $40,519 | 2.00% | $38,604 | 1.00% | 93.88% | 6.12% | $38,040 | 146 | $41,329 | 2.00% | $38,990 | 1.00% | 92.95% | 7.05% | $38,417 | 147 | $42,156 | -12.00% | $39,380 | -6.00% | 92.03% | 7.97% | $38,797 | 148 | $37,097 | 2.00% | $37,017 | 1.00% | 97.91% | 2.09% | $36,321 | 149 | $37,839 | 2.00% | $37,387 | 1.00% | 96.94% | 3.06% | $36,680 | 150 | $38,596 | 2.00% | $37,761 | 1.00% | 95.98% | 4.02% | $37,043 | 151 | $39,368 | 2.00% | $38,139 | 1.00% | 95.03% | 4.97% | $37,410 | 152 | $40,155 | 2.00% | $38,520 | 1.00% | 94.09% | 5.91% | $37,781 | 153 | $40,958 | 2.00% | $38,905 | 1.00% | 93.15% | 6.85% | $38,155 | 154 | $41,778 | 2.00% | $39,294 | 1.00% | 92.23% | 7.77% | $38,532 | 155 | $42,613 | 2.00% | $39,687 | 1.00% | 91.32% | 8.68% | $38,914 | 156 | $43,465 | 2.00% | $40,084 | 1.00% | 90.42% | 9.58% | $39,299 | 157 | $44,335 | -12.00% | $40,485 | -6.00% | 89.52% | 10.48% | $39,688 | 158 | $39,015 | 2.00% | $38,056 | 1.00% | 95.23% | 4.77% | $37,155 | 159 | $39,795 | 2.00% | $38,436 | 1.00% | 94.29% | 5.71% | $37,523 | 160 | $40,591 | 2.00% | $38,821 | 1.00% | 93.36% | 6.64% | $37,894 | 161 | $41,403 | 2.00% | $39,209 | 1.00% | 92.43% | 7.57% | $38,270 | 162 | $42,231 | 2.00% | $39,601 | 1.00% | 91.52% | 8.48% | $38,649 | 163 | $43,075 | 2.00% | $39,997 | 1.00% | 90.61% | 9.39% | $39,031 | 164 | $43,937 | 2.00% | $40,397 | 1.00% | 89.71% | 10.29% | $39,418 | 165 | $44,815 | 2.00% | $40,801 | 1.00% | 88.83% | 11.17% | $39,808 | 166 | $45,712 | 2.00% | $41,209 | 1.00% | 87.95% | 12.05% | $40,202 | 167 | $46,626 | -12.00% | $41,621 | -6.00% | 87.08% | 12.92% | $40,600 | 168 | $41,031 | 2.00% | $39,124 | 1.00% | 92.63% | 7.37% | $38,009 | 169 | $41,851 | 2.00% | $39,515 | 1.00% | 91.72% | 8.28% | $38,385 | 170 | $42,688 | 2.00% | $39,910 | 1.00% | 90.81% | 9.19% | $38,765 |
假定民國 107年即將發生金融風暴,首輪地主A有先見之明,與次輪地主B交易,以 $34,461市價售出,但是由於是私人買賣,次輪地主B只能取得該筆土地的 93.27%土地持分,因為其中 6.73%是屬於國家的。政府也因為私人土地買賣,獲得土地增值捐、契稅等土地相關稅收。 不久後即發生金融風暴,市場交易秩序大亂,股市大跌,資金流動停滯,許多人生活陷入困境。所以該年度政府即調整公告地價,降價 6%,進而使次輪地主B的隔年土地持分增加到 99.23%。B由於土地租金減少,因而降低損失。 到了民國 117年,又即將發生一次金融風暴,地主B亦有先見之明,想要售出土地,可是地主B向政府申請,選擇公開標售土地,政府以 $36,242標出,得標者是地主C。這是政府公開的標售價格,具有法律代表性(政府可以由財團法人委外此業務)。故從 117年開始,公告地價變成 $36,242,此時政府持分計算基準年定為 117年。得標地主C可以取得該筆土地的 100%土地持分。拍賣收入則依比例分配,政府前一年持有 8.37%,故獲得 $3,033的土地銷售收益,還有契稅等土地相關稅收。 地主C雖然購得土地,但是隨即發生金融風暴,政府在該年度再度調整公告地價,降價 6%。依模型計算的結果,地主C應持有超過 100%的土地(106.38%),但是地主C不可能持有超過100%的土地持分,故不會因為政府調降公告而再使持分增加(118-124年藍字部份)。不過由於持分計算基準年定為 117年,經計算結果,後續 8年的時間,地主C土地持分都可維持最高 100%。必須一直到了 125年,地主C的持分才會降為 99.23%,政府也才會開始獲得0.77%土地持分。這 8年的時間,地主可以不必繳交土地租金,自動成為減稅措施。若民國 127年再次發生金融風暴,計算基準亦同(128-131年紅字部份),不過地價稅仍是要依持分比例規定繳納的。 還是要再次強調的,就是免稅額與免租金額度。政府為了要使耕者有其田,住有有其屋,一定要設計免稅額與免租金額度,讓大多數的人保有居住生存的權利。免稅額額度的多寡,以及累進稅率(還有累進租金)分級制度的設計,無論是在平均地權,或是在所得稅上,都是非常重要的課題,請參閱「理想的個人綜合所得稅課稅級距及累進稅率表」。 在沒有電腦和網路的時代,民眾要獲得取府的拍賣資訊是相當困難的,所以政府招標和拍賣大多數為財閥攏斷。不過現在電腦網路和拍賣資訊已大大普及,只要經過適當的規劃,改善拍賣點交的流程,必定可以創造世界先例,天下土地皆為公。不過現在立委諸公以及既得利益者,是不可能讓這樣的法案通過的,但我只是希望這篇文章以及想法,可以流傳給我們的下一代,向理想的目標邁進。 延伸閱讀
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