孫中山先生的民生主義,本質介於資本主義與社會主義之間。並在生前,把民生主義政策確定為:一、平均地權,二、節制資本。前者解決土地問題,後者解決資本問題。且不論他的主義是好是壞,本文要目前要談的只是平均地權。平均地權有數個解決方法:自訂地價、照價徵稅、照價收買、漲價歸公。這在台灣實驗的結果,自訂地價、照價收買這二個不可行,照價徵稅被改成「照公告地價徵稅」,漲價歸公則被改成「課徵土地增值稅」。 理論上,既然是漲價歸公,何以還要課稅呢?應該是全數充公才是,名稱應改成「土地增值捐」,將土地上漲的價值全數歸公,才能落實平均地權。可惜的是,這樣做會造成土地交易停滯,所以還是要分一些利益給地主。 可是我覺得執行技巧,不應是只著眼在「價格」上面,而應是「地權」。所謂漲價歸公,是可以將地權歸公的。所以正確的做法,應該 30%課徵土地增值捐,另外 70%,則改成將土地的「地權持分」歸公,也就是土地持有的某個百分比歸公。這樣一來,同樣是依據公告地價執行,可是漲價歸公的成效將會大大的不同。 政府不但可以因為地價上漲,每年獲得一小部份私人土地的「地權持分」做為吃紅,還可以依據地權持分課徵地價稅,另外也可以收取土地租金。當土地買賣時,另會產生土地增值捐。而且當政府的地權持分增加到超過50%時,亦可以在原地主想賣出土地時,以共同地主的身份進行土地拍賣。拍賣的價格再做為此筆土地的公告地價,拍賣的該年度做為「地權持分」計算的基準年。政府的地權持分不必很多,每年不到百分之一,甚至不到 0.5%,就可以有非常大的漲價歸公效果。 請看下列的模型: 民國 | 土地市價 | 市場漲幅 | 公告地價 | 公告漲幅 | 地主持分 | 政府持分 | 100 | $30,000 | 2.00% | $10,000 | 1.00% | 100.00% | 0.00% | 101 | $30,600 | 2.00% | $10,100 | 1.00% | 99.01% | 0.99% | 102 | $31,212 | 2.00% | $10,201 | 1.00% | 98.03% | 1.97% | 103 | $31,836 | 2.00% | $10,303 | 1.00% | 97.06% | 2.94% | 104 | $32,473 | 2.00% | $10,406 | 1.00% | 96.10% | 3.90% | 105 | $33,122 | 2.00% | $10,510 | 1.00% | 95.15% | 4.85% | 106 | $33,785 | 2.00% | $10,615 | 1.00% | 94.20% | 5.80% | 107 | $34,461 | 2.00% | $10,721 | 1.00% | 93.27% | 6.73% | 108 | $35,150 | 2.00% | $10,829 | 1.00% | 92.35% | 7.65% | 109 | $35,853 | 2.00% | $10,937 | 1.00% | 91.43% | 8.57% | 110 | $36,570 | 2.00% | $11,046 | 1.00% | 90.53% | 9.47% | 111 | $37,301 | 2.00% | $11,157 | 1.00% | 89.63% | 10.37% | 112 | $38,047 | 2.00% | $11,268 | 1.00% | 88.74% | 11.26% | 113 | $38,808 | 2.00% | $11,381 | 1.00% | 87.87% | 12.13% | 114 | $39,584 | 2.00% | $11,495 | 1.00% | 87.00% | 13.00% | 115 | $40,376 | 2.00% | $11,610 | 1.00% | 86.13% | 13.87% | 116 | $41,184 | 2.00% | $11,726 | 1.00% | 85.28% | 14.72% | 117 | $42,007 | 2.00% | $11,843 | 1.00% | 84.44% | 15.56% | 118 | $42,847 | 2.00% | $11,961 | 1.00% | 83.60% | 16.40% | 119 | $43,704 | 2.00% | $12,081 | 1.00% | 82.77% | 17.23% | 120 | $44,578 | 2.00% | $12,202 | 1.00% | 81.95% | 18.05% | 121 | $45,470 | 2.00% | $12,324 | 1.00% | 81.14% | 18.86% | 122 | $46,379 | 2.00% | $12,447 | 1.00% | 80.34% | 19.66% | 123 | $47,307 | 2.00% | $12,572 | 1.00% | 79.54% | 20.46% | 124 | $48,253 | 2.00% | $12,697 | 1.00% | 78.76% | 21.24% | 125 | $49,218 | 2.00% | $12,824 | 1.00% | 77.98% | 22.02% | 126 | $50,203 | 2.00% | $12,953 | 1.00% | 77.20% | 22.80% | 127 | $51,207 | 2.00% | $13,082 | 1.00% | 76.44% | 23.56% | 128 | $52,231 | 2.00% | $13,213 | 1.00% | 75.68% | 24.32% | 129 | $53,275 | 2.00% | $13,345 | 1.00% | 74.93% | 25.07% | 130 | $54,341 | 2.00% | $13,478 | 1.00% | 74.19% | 25.81% | 131 | $55,428 | 2.00% | $13,613 | 1.00% | 73.46% | 26.54% | 132 | $56,536 | 2.00% | $13,749 | 1.00% | 72.73% | 27.27% | 133 | $57,667 | 2.00% | $13,887 | 1.00% | 72.01% | 27.99% | 134 | $58,820 | 2.00% | $14,026 | 1.00% | 71.30% | 28.70% | 135 | $59,997 | 2.00% | $14,166 | 1.00% | 70.59% | 29.41% | 136 | $61,197 | 2.00% | $14,308 | 1.00% | 69.89% | 30.11% | 137 | $62,421 | 2.00% | $14,451 | 1.00% | 69.20% | 30.80% | 138 | $63,669 | 2.00% | $14,595 | 1.00% | 68.52% | 31.48% | 139 | $64,942 | 2.00% | $14,741 | 1.00% | 67.84% | 32.16% | 140 | $66,241 | 2.00% | $14,889 | 1.00% | 67.17% | 32.83% | 141 | $67,566 | 2.00% | $15,038 | 1.00% | 66.50% | 33.50% | 142 | $68,917 | 2.00% | $15,188 | 1.00% | 65.84% | 34.16% | 143 | $70,296 | 2.00% | $15,340 | 1.00% | 65.19% | 34.81% | 144 | $71,702 | 2.00% | $15,493 | 1.00% | 64.54% | 35.46% | 145 | $73,136 | 2.00% | $15,648 | 1.00% | 63.91% | 36.09% | 146 | $74,598 | 2.00% | $15,805 | 1.00% | 63.27% | 36.73% | 147 | $76,090 | 2.00% | $15,963 | 1.00% | 62.65% | 37.35% | 148 | $77,612 | 2.00% | $16,122 | 1.00% | 62.03% | 37.97% | 149 | $79,164 | 2.00% | $16,283 | 1.00% | 61.41% | 38.59% | 150 | $80,748 | 2.00% | $16,446 | 1.00% | 60.80% | 39.20% | 151 | $82,363 | 2.00% | $16,611 | 1.00% | 60.20% | 39.80% | 152 | $84,010 | 2.00% | $16,777 | 1.00% | 59.61% | 40.39% | 153 | $85,690 | 2.00% | $16,945 | 1.00% | 59.02% | 40.98% | 154 | $87,404 | 2.00% | $17,114 | 1.00% | 58.43% | 41.57% | 155 | $89,152 | 2.00% | $17,285 | 1.00% | 57.85% | 42.15% | 156 | $90,935 | 2.00% | $17,458 | 1.00% | 57.28% | 42.72% | 157 | $92,754 | 2.00% | $17,633 | 1.00% | 56.71% | 43.29% | 158 | $94,609 | 2.00% | $17,809 | 1.00% | 56.15% | 43.85% | 159 | $96,501 | 2.00% | $17,987 | 1.00% | 55.60% | 44.40% | 160 | $98,431 | 2.00% | $18,167 | 1.00% | 55.04% | 44.96% | 161 | $100,400 | 2.00% | $18,349 | 1.00% | 54.50% | 45.50% | 162 | $102,408 | 2.00% | $18,532 | 1.00% | 53.96% | 46.04% | 163 | $104,456 | 2.00% | $18,717 | 1.00% | 53.43% | 46.57% | 164 | $106,545 | 2.00% | $18,905 | 1.00% | 52.90% | 47.10% | 165 | $108,676 | 2.00% | $19,094 | 1.00% | 52.37% | 47.63% | 166 | $110,849 | 2.00% | $19,285 | 1.00% | 51.85% | 48.15% | 167 | $113,066 | 2.00% | $19,477 | 1.00% | 51.34% | 48.66% | 168 | $115,328 | 2.00% | $19,672 | 1.00% | 50.83% | 49.17% | 169 | $117,634 | 2.00% | $19,869 | 1.00% | 50.33% | 49.67% | 170 | $119,987 | 2.00% | $20,068 | 1.00% | 49.83% | 50.17% |
模型假設如下:有一筆土地市價 3萬元, 公告地價 1萬元。市場漲幅 2.0%,公告地價漲幅 1.0%。政府每年根據公告地價上漲的幅度,依比例取得大約不到百分之一的地權持分。七十年之後,土地價值大約 12萬元,但是地主的地權持分,會低於 50%。此時地主若想要將土地賣出,必須經由政府拍賣的程序,由價高者得。拍賣的收入,依比例分配,政府可以大約取得 6萬元。拍賣的 12萬再做為此筆土地的公告地價,拍賣的該年度做為「地權持分」計算的基準年。 只是政府 70年才收得一次稅捐,必定緩不濟急,地主早就賺飽飽跑了。因此這個模型要有配套,就是政府除了可以課徵地價稅外,還可以課徵土地租金。地主持有的土地持分愈少,則地價稅愈少;可是土地租金會增加。至於土地租金的計算,就又是另一個主題了。 在我的想法,地價稅只是屬於稅費,而租金則是土地擁有人應收取的權利金,甚至可能是賴以維生的主要收入。所以租金必定是比地價稅高數倍,甚至十數倍。在模型的頭幾年,政府持分非常少,地主可能不覺得負擔很重,可是隨著政府持分愈來愈高,高到使得土地租金負擔到某個程度,不用等到 70年,地主就會想要自行向政府申請土地公開拍賣,將所有的土地持分買回,恢復至 100%,讓政府的土地持分也重新歸零。一但土地公開拍賣價格確定,就可以回到模型的起點,讓公告地價基準年的土地市價與公告地價相符。重新拍賣的過程中,也可以讓土地有機會轉手,活絡土地利用率。 另外一個配套,就是免稅額與免租金額度。政府為了要使耕者有其田,住有有其屋,當然要設計免稅額與免租金額度,讓大多數的人保有居住生存的權利。免稅額額度的多寡,以及累進稅率(還有累進租金)分級制度的設計,無論是在平均地權,或是在所得稅上,都是非常重要的課題,請參閱「理想的個人綜合所得稅課稅級距及累進稅率表」。 這個模型其實並沒有完全的執行漲價歸公,充其量只能說是政府將利益與地主一人一半對分而已。不過好處是當土地跌價時,仍然可以依據模型將土地持分歸還地主,形成漲價歸公,跌價亦歸公。 在以前沒有電腦的時代,要每年計算出數以千百萬筆的土地資料持分,是非常耗時耗力的。可是,現在是資訊時代,一切有電腦代勞,所以可以非常輕易的做到以前所做不到的課徵方式。如同我以前所說的,孫先生是苦於沒有電腦,所以才會設計出國民大會這種雞肋。現在有了電腦,所以總統才能直選。相信孫先生活在現代,也必定會同意我的說法。 延伸閱讀
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