..Sumer is the earliest known civilization, located in the southern region of ancient Mesopotamia.

..

蘇美人的文明.蘇美（阿卡德語：Šumeru；蘇美語：𒆠𒂗𒂠，ki-en-ĝir₁₅）為目前發現於美索不達米亞文明中最早的文明體系，同時也是全世界最早產生的文明之一。蘇美文明主要位於美索不達米亞的南部，透過放射性碳十四的斷代測試，表明蘇美文明的開端可以追溯至西元前4500年。蘇美王朝在約西元前2004年結束，之後逐漸融入亞摩利人城邦，直至西元前18世紀被興起的巴比倫文明取代。普遍認為蘇美人發明了世界最早的文字，他們在粘土片上書寫自己的文字。.3

...

A tablet with pictographic pre-cuneiform writing. Late 4th millennium BC, limestone. Height: 4.5 cm, width: 4.3 cm, depth: 2.4 cm

• 來源：蘇美人的起源至今仍是一個謎，他們既非閃米特人，也非印歐人.
• 楔形文字：約於西元前3200年發明，刻在泥板上，是世界上最早的文字系統之一。
• 數學與曆法：發明了影響深遠的六十進位法，並使用陰曆來計算時間與農業週期。
• 政治結構：由烏魯克、烏爾、拉格什等許多獨立城邦組成，由國王與祭司共同掌權。
• 文學與神話：留下著名的《吉爾伽美什史詩》及豐富的創世神話，深深影響後來的巴比倫與亞述等西亞文明。 .
• .
• .An early writing tablet for recording the allocation of beer, 3100–3000 BC.
• .
• Gold dagger from Sumerian tomb PG 580, Royal Cemetery at Ur.
  .
• 在這裡生存下來，這裡的人必須有控制底格里斯河和幼發拉底河的能力來保證全年灌溉和飲用水的來源。在蘇美語中運河、堤壩、水庫這樣的詞非常豐富。歐貝德陶瓷與更早的北方的薩邁拉文化（前58世紀到前50世紀）的陶瓷是有聯繫的。薩邁拉文化的人利用底格里斯河及其支流的水來進行早期的、原始的灌溉農業。
• 
• Sumer (/ˈsuːmər/ SOO-mər) is the earliest known civilization, located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the 5th and 4th millennium BC. Like nearby Elam, it is one of the cradles of civilization, along with Egypt, the Indus Valley, the Erligang culture of the Yellow River valley, Caral-Supe, and Mesoamerica. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Sumerian farmers grew an abundance of grain and other crops, a surplus of which enabled them to form urban settlements. The worlds earliest known texts come from the Sumerian cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr, and date to between c. 3350 – c. 2500 BC, following a period of proto-writing c. 4000 – c. 2500 BC..

..

..

..

.