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1936 Berlin Olympic Games 1936年的柏林奧運會
2008/08/09 17:06:53瀏覽1506|回應0|推薦5

At the Big Ten track and field championships of 1935, Ohio State's Jesse Owens equaled or set world records in four events: the 100 and 220-yard dashes, 200-yard low hurdles and the long jump. He was also credited with world marks in the 200-meter run and 200-meter hurdles. That's six world records in one afternoon, and he did it all in 45 minutes!

The following year, he swept the 100 and 200 meters and long jump at the Olympic Trials and headed for Germany favored to win all three.

In Berlin, dictator Adolf Hitler and his Nazi followers felt sure that the Olympics would be the ideal venue to demonstrate Germany's oft-stated racial superiority. He directed that $25 million be spent on the finest facilities, the cleanest streets and the temporary withdrawal of all outward signs of the state-run anti-Jewish campaign. By the time over 4,000 athletes from 49 countries arrived for the Games, the stage was set. The Berlin Olympic Games of 1936 were a gigantic Nazi showpiece. There were more swastikas bedecking the main stadium than there were Olympic flags. And each success of a German athlete was hailed locally as a victory for the master race. Germany headed the medal table with 33 golds compared with second placegetter the United States' 24. But most of Germany's medals were in the more esoteric events such as horse-riding, gymnastics and rowing.

Then Jesse Owens, a black sharecropper's son from Alabama, stole the show - winning his three individual events and adding a fourth gold medal in the 400-meter relay. The fact that four other American blacks also won did little to please Herr Hitler, but the applause from the German crowds, especially for Owens, was thunderous. Jesse Owens embarrassed Adolf Hitler by disproving the Nazi theory that the black races were inferior to the Aryans.

Hitler made sure he had left the stadium before any of Owens' medal presentations. But Owens wasn't the only black athlete he snubbed. On the first day, when Cornelius Johnson won the high jump, Hitler beat a hasty retreat.

Germany won only five combined gold medals in men's and women's track and field, but saved face for the "master race" in the overall medal count with an 89-56 margin over the United States.

The top female performers in Berlin were 17-year-old Dutch swimmer Rie Mastenbroek, who won three gold medals, and 18-year-old American runner Helen Stephens, who captured the 100 meters and anchored the winning 4x100-meter relay team.

Basketball also made its debut as a medal sport and was played outdoors. The U.S. men easily won the first gold medal championship game with a 19-8 victory over Canada, in the rain.

An innovation in 1936 was the Olympic torch, lit by the rays of the sun at Olympia in Greece and carried by 3,000 relay runners to the main stadium in the German capital. It is a tradition that has continued at every subsequent Olympic Games.

Source: 1996 Information Please Sports Almanac

October 1, 2000 Patricia Down writes: I was a Australian competitor in 1936 Olympics...a swimmer. In Australia we were very worried we would not get to the Olympics as there was much talk of war. We were the first team to arrive in Berlin..great reception, but surprised at all the military uniforms. Hitler and his entourage always attended the Olympics in full uniform. He upset I.O.C. by placing German flags arround the stadium instead of competing countries..ordered to take them down.

Opening Ceremony ..we heard the French team were not going to recognise Hitler, but they gave the Nazi salute anyway resulting in a thunderous reception Later stated they gave the Olympic Salute, not the Nazi. No one has ever heard of the Olympic salute! There were many instances of the political atmosphere. o In closing..Jeanette Campbell from the Argentine received a letter from Holland ask her to organise a boycott by the women of the Opening Ceremony and demand the release of two Dutchmen who has disappeared ona trip to Germany. She let the matter drop. Just a a note or two. Thought you might be interested.

希特勒與奧運會

第十一屆奧運會於1936年在德國柏林召開。可惜,奧運會被法西斯利用,成了希特勒政府粉飾太平的一屆奧運會。

  追溯歷史,柏林曾被定為1916年奧運會的舉辦地,但因為德國後來成了戰爭的策源地,使得第六屆奧運會變為空白。戰後,德國軍國主義受到了懲罰,連續兩屆被剝奪了參賽資格。

  1927年,德國奧委會再次申辦奧運會,並最終在眾多城市的競爭中勝出。1932年,國際奧委會決定將第十一屆奧運會舉辦權交給柏林。當時納粹還未上臺。

  1933年希特勒奪取政權,德國政局發生了巨變。國際奧委會為此專門成立了調查委員會,並到德國實地調查。但受到希特勒宣傳和表面現象的蒙騙,國際奧委會維持了原先的決定。

  一年後,希特勒大權獨攬,還當上了柏林奧委會大會總裁。他下令用16噸銅鑄造一座奧林匹克巨鐘,還建造了一座高70米的希特勒鐘塔。此外,德國修建的奧運村比洛杉磯更豪華舒適。

  1936年的柏林奧運會,來自49個國家的4066名運動員參加了比賽。中國派出了69名運動員,只有撐竿跳高選手符保盧一人通過了及格賽。

  奧運會於8月16日閉幕。德國借東道主之力,獲33枚金牌居各國之首。柏林奧運會是納粹一手炮制的奧運會,為德國法西斯起到了粉飾太平作用。奧運會結束 3年後,1939年9月,德國法西斯便發動了侵略戰爭,給全世界人民帶來了空前的災難。1954年,國際奧委會就此發表公報,做了檢討。 

由柏林承辦1936年奧運會的決定是在5年前做出的—在阿道夫·希特勒上臺之前。納粹勢力的上升加速了德國以外國家的不安。當時存在著反對的跡象,特別是在美國,隨著猶太人口的增加,他們組織了對這次奧運會的聯合抵制。

而希特勒和他的同僚們有意使奧運會成為一次大規模的宣傳機會。在這種情況下,具有諷刺意味的是,他們通過象征性地為德國隊選了幾個猶太人隊員來避開國際的批評。然而,他們的最大的難堪並不是由猶太人而是由一個黑人運動員傑西·歐文(wiki)斯(Jess Owens)引起的。

當主辦國的漢斯·沃爾克(Hans Woelke)在開幕式那天的鉛球比賽中獲勝時,希特勒讓遊行的隊伍在他的前面通過,作為日耳曼民族的至高無上的統治者的象征。但是,納粹們對於歐文斯獲得的4塊金牌是如此地氣惱,以至於希特勒被說服不公開與獲勝者們一同出現,這基於他的宣傳部長約瑟夫·戈培爾(Josef Goebbels )將歐文斯和其他的黑人運動員們稱為“為金錢而賣命的黑人”。當希特勒在一個官方的接待場合無法避開歐文斯時,他直截了當地拒絕與他握手。

柏林1936年8月9日

希特勒和在場的10萬名觀眾,強烈地期待著德國的4人小隊獲勝。就在前一天的女子4×100米首輪接力賽中,她們以46分4秒的破世界紀錄的成績獲勝,這一紀錄將保持16年。她們的主要競爭對手是美國。

德國人的計劃是,首先在前三棒遙遙領先,以便讓多費爾德避開令人生畏的史蒂芬。大部分重任都落到了有經驗的多林格的身上,她曾經參加過前兩次奧運會。

當第一棒的選手們在她們的起跑線上準備就緒的時候,整個體育場,從買票的觀眾到來訪的高官顯貴們,例如保加利亞的國王多裏斯(Doris),都屏氣期待著。希特勒僅僅期待著德國的勝利。德國的女孩子們都在第四跑道上,緊挨著美國的第三跑道。因此,在起跑線上她們略在前面。當槍聲響起的時候,阿爾布斯猛沖出去,並出色地將接力棒兒遞給了克勞斯,而克勞斯又將其遞給了多林格。似乎沒有什麽可以抵擋得住德國人。當多林格準備將接力棒兒遞給多費爾德時,她明顯地領先了10米。希特勒站起來興奮地尖聲叫喊著,但是,多費爾德無疑地留意著來自史蒂芬的威脅,在她還沒有緊緊抓住接力棒時,就加足了馬力,將接力棒掉到了跑道上。當多費爾德驚慌地揀起它時,史蒂芬已經吼叫著沖向勝利。

德國人的夢想破滅了。希特勒垂頭喪氣地跌坐下來。傷痛又加羞辱,使這個不幸的多費爾德淚流滿面,美國人的獲勝成績是46.9秒,只比德國隊快了半秒鐘。

那是一個非同尋常的、必須自我承受的傷口。但希特勒還是懷著諒解的心態。出於對哭泣的多費爾德的同情,他邀請德國隊到他的下榻處,並安慰了她們。

希特勒懼與鄭懷賢握手

1936年的柏林奧運會上,四川人第一次登上了現代奧運的舞臺。歷史由此記住了鄭懷賢的名字,他不是運動員,而是武術大師,當年國術表演隊的一員。在柏林奧運會開幕式上,他表演飛叉技驚四座,被譽為“空前絕後”。

    鄭懷賢是成都體育醫院的創始人。武者俠骨,醫者仁心,鄭懷賢不僅是武林翹楚,在中醫骨傷科界也有極高的聲望,被後人尊稱為“武醫宗師”。尋訪這位四川奧運第一人也許很容易,但我原本期待的“武俠故事”因歲月流逝不那麽鮮活,可他傳奇的一生卻未因歲月流逝而失去光芒。

  將歷史翻回到1936年8月,69名中國運動員經過長途跋涉,輾轉來到德國柏林參加第十一屆奧運會。其中,由張文廣、溫敬銘、鄭懷賢等人組成的國術表演隊最為耀眼,他們是當時全國武林的頂尖高手,名動江湖。出征前,蔣介石、宋美玲夫婦甚至專門在南京行政院接見了這些江湖俠士,並一起合影留戀。這是中國武術第一次有組織地大規模在國外獻技表演,也是中國武術首次在奧運會上表演。

鄭懷賢的這段傳奇,如今已演繹為“口頭文學”:在奧運會開幕式上,面對10萬觀眾,鄭懷賢手持飛叉,昂首挺胸出場。他拉開架式舞動鋼叉,場內頓時靜寂,只聽得飛叉呼呼風響,上下翻騰,就像被施了神奇的魔法粘連在這位中國人身上。飛叉剛柔有致,緊緊纏身,簡直就像他手的延長那樣翻騰自如,尤其是耍飛叉的“懷中抱月”、“蘇秦背劍”等絕技更令全場掌聲雷動,他雖謝幕達十多次,觀眾仍意猶未盡。表演結束,在觀眾的喝彩聲中,一位德國體育官員走到鄭懷賢身邊,用手在他身上裏裏外外摸了一遍,做了一個驚奇的手勢,退場了。當晚的招待酒會上,這位體育官員依然百思不得其解,端著一杯啤酒再次來到鄭懷賢身邊,通過翻譯問道:“白天在你身上沒有發現什麽東西,怎麽那鋼叉就不離身子呢?”鄭懷賢自豪地說:“這是我們中國的武術!”這位官員馬上敬酒,大為嘆服。

隨後,國術表演隊在德國的漢堡、法蘭克福、慕尼黑等各大城市巡回表演。中國武術以其特有的魅力,征服了西方觀眾。但起初,國術隊受到組織者的冷落,被安排在一個露營聯歡會上表演,沒有專車接送,隊員們來去都是扛著器械去乘公共汽車。可輪到他們上場時卻各獻絕技,鄭懷賢的飛叉、劉玉華的雙刀、蔻運興的64公斤大刀、金石生的九節鞭等節目精彩紛呈。至此,表演組織者才完全換了一副面孔,準備了夜宵,以專車相送。
 
當時中國衰弱,參加奧運會的比賽項目均名落孫山,惟獨武術表演受到了熱烈歡迎,向世界展示了中華武術的獨特魅力和巍巍雄風。當年的盛事,如今已無跡可尋。不過當年的德國報紙上卻記載了一段關於鄭懷賢“放電”的逸聞:在鄭懷賢表演結束後,德國體育部長和希特勒心血來潮,走下主席臺,祝賀鄭懷賢。德國體育部長專門與鄭懷賢握手,突然全身癱軟,雙腳跪地,認為對方手上帶電,倉皇阻止希特勒與鄭懷賢握手。也有人說,希特勒是感到害怕而不敢與鄭懷賢握手。


The German Chancellor Adolf Hitler (c) watches the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin with the Italian Crown Prince. August 3, 1936 Berlin, Germany

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