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| 2005/11/01 23:32:07瀏覽534｜回應0｜推薦0 | |
| 地形第十
X. Terrain 孫子曰：地形有通者、有掛者、有支者、有隘者、有險者、有遠者。 Sun Tzu said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain, to wit: (1) Accessible ground; (2) entangling ground; (3) temporizing ground; (4) narrow passes; (5) precipitous heights; (6) positions at a great distance from the enemy. 我可以往，彼可以來，曰通。 Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called accessible. 通形者，先居高陽，利糧道，以戰則利。 With regard to ground of this nature, be before the enemy in occupying the raised and sunny spots, and carefully guard your line of supplies. Then you will be able to fight with advantage. 可以往，難以返，曰掛。 Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called entangling. 掛形者，敵無備，出而勝之，敵若有備，出而不勝，難以返，不利。 From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may sally forth and defeat him. But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and you fail to defeat him, then, return being impossible, disaster will ensue. 我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支。 When the position is such that neither side will gain by making the first move, it is called temporizing ground. 支形者，敵雖利我，我無出也，引而去之，令敵半出而擊之利。 In a position of this sort, even though the enemy should offer us an attractive bait, it will be advisable not to stir forth, but rather to retreat, thus enticing the enemy in his turn; then, when part of his army has come out, we may deliver our attack with advantage. 隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敵。 With regard to narrow passes, if you can occupy them first, let them be strongly garrisoned and await the advent of the enemy. 若敵先居之，盈而勿從，不盈而從之。 Should the army forestall you in occupying a pass, do not go after him if the pass is fully garrisoned, but only if it is weakly garrisoned. 險形者，我先居之，必居高陽以待敵； With regard to precipitous heights, if you are beforehand with your adversary, you should occupy the raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him to come up. 若敵先居之，引而去之，勿從也。 If the enemy has occupied them before you, do not follow him, but retreat and try to entice him away. 遠形者，勢均難以挑戰，戰而不利。 If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the strength of the two armies is equal, it is not easy to provoke a battle, and fighting will be to your disadvantage. 凡此六者，地之道也，將之至任，不可不察也。 These six are the principles connected with Earth. The general who has attained a responsible post must be careful to study them. 凡兵有走者、有馳者、有陷者、有崩者、有亂者、有北者。凡此六者，非天地之災，將之過也。 Now an army is exposed to six several calamities, not arising from natural causes, but from faults for which the general is responsible. These are: (1) Flight; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin; (5) disorganization; (6) rout. 夫勢均，以一擊十，曰走； Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against another ten times its size, the result will be the flight of the former. 卒強吏弱，曰馳；吏強卒弱，曰陷； When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too weak, the result is insubordination. When the officers are too strong and the common soldiers too weak, the result is collapse. 大吏怒而不服，遇敵懟而自戰，將不知其能，曰崩； When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate, and on meeting the enemy give battle on their own account from a feeling of resentment, before the commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is in a position to fight, the result is ruin. 將弱不嚴，教道不明，吏卒無常，陳兵縱橫，曰亂； When the general is weak and without authority; when his orders are not clear and distinct; when there are no fixes duties assigned to officers and men, and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner, the result is utter disorganization. 將不能料敵，以少合眾，以弱擊強，兵無選鋒，曰北。 When a general, unable to estimate the enemy's strength, allows an inferior force to engage a larger one, or hurls a weak detachment against a powerful one, and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank, the result must be rout. 凡此六者，敗之道也，將之至任，不可不察也。 These are six ways of courting defeat, which must be carefully noted by the general who has attained a responsible post. 夫地形者，兵之助也。料敵制勝，計險隘遠近，上將之道也。 The natural formation of the country is the soldier's best ally; but a power of estimating the adversary, of controlling the forces of victory, and of shrewdly calculating difficulties, dangers and distances, constitutes the test of a great general 知此而用戰者必勝，不知此而用戰者必敗。 He who knows these things, and in fighting puts his knowledge into practice, will win his battles. He who knows them not, nor practices them, will surely be defeated. 故戰道必勝，主曰無戰，必戰可也；戰道不勝，主曰必戰，無戰可也。 If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight, even though the ruler forbid it; if fighting will not result in victory, then you must not fight even at the ruler's bidding. 故進不求名，退不避罪，唯民是保，而利於主，國之寶也。 The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without fearing disgrace, whose only thought is to protect his country and do good service for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom. 視卒如嬰兒，故可以與之赴深溪；視卒如愛子，故可與之俱死。 Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you into the deepest valleys; look upon them as your own beloved sons, and they will stand by you even unto death. 厚而不能使，愛而不能令，亂而不能治，譬若驕子，不可用也。 If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make your authority felt; kind-hearted, but unable to enforce your commands; and incapable, moreover, of quelling disorder: then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children; they are useless for any practical purpose. 知吾卒之可以擊，而不知敵之不可擊，勝之半也； If we know that our own men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the enemy is not open to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory. 知敵之可擊，而不知吾卒之不可以擊，勝之半也； If we know that the enemy is open to attack, but are unaware that our own men are not in a condition to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory. 知敵之可擊，知吾卒之可以擊，而不知地形之不可以戰，勝之半也。 If we know that the enemy is open to attack, and also know that our men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the nature of the ground makes fighting impracticable, we have still gone only halfway towards victory. 故知兵者，動而不迷，舉而不窮。 Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion, is never bewildered; once he has broken camp, he is never at a loss. 故曰：知彼知己，勝乃不殆；知天知地，勝乃可全。 Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, your victory will not stand in doubt; if you know Heaven and know Earth, you may make your victory complete. 九地第十一 XI. The Nine Situations 孫子曰：用兵之法，有散地，有輕地，有爭地，有交地，有衢地，有重地，有泛地，有圍地，有 死地。 Sun Tzu said: The art of war recognizes nine varieties of ground: (1) Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground; (4) open ground; (5) ground of intersecting highways; (6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground; (8) hemmed-in ground; (9) desperate ground. 諸侯自戰其地者，為散地； When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory, it is dispersive ground. 入人之地不深者，為輕地； When he has penetrated into hostile territory, but to no great distance, it is facile ground. 我得亦利，彼得亦利者，為爭地； Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either side, is contentious ground. 我可以往，彼可以來者，為交地； Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground. 諸侯之地三屬，先至而得天下眾者，為衢地； Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states, so that he who occupies it first has most of the Empire at his command, is a ground of intersecting highways. 入人之地深，背城邑多者，為重地； When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country, leaving a number of fortified cities in its rear, it is serious ground. 山林、險阻、沮澤，凡難行之道者，為泛地； Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens--all country that is hard to traverse: this is difficult ground. 所由入者隘，所從歸者迂，彼寡可以擊吾之眾者，為圍地； Ground which is reached through narrow gorges, and from which we can only retire by tortuous paths, so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to crush a large body of our men: this is hemmed in ground. 疾戰則存，不疾戰則亡者，為死地。 Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting without delay, is desperate ground. 是故散地則無戰，輕地則無止，爭地則無攻， On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not. On facile ground, halt not. On contentious ground, attack not. 交地則無絕，衢地則合交， On open ground, do not try to block the enemy's way. On the ground of intersecting highways, join hands with your allies. 重地則掠，泛地則行， On serious ground, gather in plunder. In difficult ground, keep steadily on the march. 圍地則謀，死地則戰。 On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem. On desperate ground, fight. 古之善用兵者，能使敵人前後不相及，眾寡不相恃，貴賤不相救，上下不相收， Those who were called skillful leaders of old knew how to drive a wedge between the enemy's front and rear; to prevent co-operation between his large and small divisions; to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad, the officers from rallying their men. 卒離而不集，兵合而不齊。 When the enemy's men were united, they managed to keep them in disorder. 合於利而動，不合於利而止。 When it was to their advantage, they made a forward move; when otherwise, they stopped still. 敢問敵眾而整將來，待之若何曰：先奪其所愛則聽矣。 If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in orderly array and on the point of marching to the attack, I should say: "Begin by seizing something which your opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable to your will." 兵之情主速，乘人之不及。由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。 Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of the enemy's unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes, and attack unguarded spots. 凡為客之道，深入則專。主人不克， The following are the principles to be observed by an invading force: The further you penetrate into a country, the greater will be the solidarity of your troops, and thus the defenders will not prevail against you. 掠於饒野，三軍足食。 Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your army with food. 謹養而勿勞，並氣積力，運兵計謀，為不可測。 Carefully study the well-being of your men, and do not overtax them. Concentrate your energy and hoard your strength. Keep your army continually on the move, and devise unfathomable plans. 投之無所往，死且不北。死焉不得，士人盡力。 Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no escape, and they will prefer death to flight. If they will face death, there is nothing they may not achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost strength. 兵士甚陷則不懼，無所往則固，深入則拘，不得已則鬥。 Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of fear. If there is no place of refuge, they will stand firm. If they are in hostile country, they will show a stubborn front. If there is no help for it, they will fight hard. 是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不約而親，不令而信， Thus, without waiting to be marshaled, the soldiers will be constantly on the qui vive; without waiting to be asked, they will do your will; without restrictions, they will be faithful; without giving orders, they can be trusted. 禁祥去疑，至死無所之。 Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with superstitious doubts. Then, until death itself comes, no calamity need be feared. 吾士無餘財，非惡貨也；無餘命，非惡壽也。 If our soldiers are not overburdened with money, it is not because they have a distaste for riches; if their lives are not unduly long, it is not because they are disinclined to longevity. 令發之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟，偃臥者涕交頤，投之無所往，諸、劌之勇也。 |
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