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| 2005/11/01 23:31:40瀏覽329｜回應0｜推薦0 | |
| 九變第八
VIII. Variation in Tactics 孫子曰：凡用兵之法，將受命於君，合軍聚合。 Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives his commands from the sovereign, collects his army and concentrates his forces 泛地無捨，衢地合交，絕地無留，圍地則謀，死地則戰， When in difficult country, do not encamp. In country where high roads intersect, join hands with your allies. Do not linger in dangerously isolated positions. In hemmed-in situations, you must resort to stratagem. In desperate position, you must fight. 途有所不由，軍有所不擊，城有所不攻，地有所不爭，君命有所不受。 There are roads which must not be followed, armies which must be not attacked, towns which must be besieged, positions which must not be contested, commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed. 故將通於九變之利者，知用兵矣； The general who thoroughly understands the advantages that accompany variation of tactics knows how to handle his troops. 將不通九變之利，雖知地形，不能得地之利矣； The general who does not understand these, may be well acquainted with the configuration of the country, yet he will not be able to turn his knowledge to practical account. 治兵不知九變之術，雖知五利，不能得人之用矣。 So, the student of war who is unversed in the art of war of varying his plans, even though he be acquainted with the Five Advantages, will fail to make the best use of his men. 是故智者之慮，必雜於利害， Hence in the wise leader's plans, considerations of advantage and of disadvantage will be blended together. 雜於利而務可信也， If our expectation of advantage be tempered in this way, we may succeed in accomplishing the essential part of our schemes. 雜於害而患可解也。 If, on the other hand, in the midst of difficulties we are always ready to seize an advantage, we may extricate ourselves from misfortune. 是故屈諸侯者以害，役諸侯者以業，趨諸侯者以利。 Reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage on them; and make trouble for them, and keep them constantly engaged; hold out specious allurements, and make them rush to any given point. 故用兵之法，無恃其不來，恃吾有以待之；無恃其不攻，恃吾有所不可攻也。 The art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the enemy's not coming, but on our own readiness to receive him; not on the chance of his not attacking, but rather on the fact that we have made our position unassailable. 故將有五危，必死可殺，必生可虜，忿速可侮，廉潔可辱，愛民可煩。 There are five dangerous faults which may affect a general: (1) Recklessness, which leads to destruction; (2) cowardice, which leads to capture; (3) a hasty temper, which can be provoked by insults; (4) a delicacy of honor which is sensitive to shame; (5) over-solicitude for his men, which exposes him to worry and trouble. 凡此五者，將之過也，用兵之災也。 These are the five besetting sins of a general, ruinous to the conduct of war. 覆軍殺將，必以五危，不可不察也。 When an army is overthrown and its leader slain, the cause will surely be found among these five dangerous faults. Let them be a subject of meditation. 行軍第九 IX. The Army on the March 孫子曰：凡處軍相敵，絕山依谷， Sun Tzu said: We come now to the question of encamping the army, and observing signs of the enemy. Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in the neighborhood of valleys. 視生處高，戰隆無登，此處山之軍也。 Camp in high places, facing the sun. Do not climb heights in order to fight. So much for mountain warfare. 絕水必遠水， After crossing a river, you should get far away from it. 客絕水而來，勿迎之於水內，令半渡而擊之利， When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do not advance to meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half the army get across, and then deliver your attack. 欲戰者，無附於水而迎客， If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader near a river which he has to cross. 視生處高，無迎水流，此處水上之軍也。 Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun. Do not move up-stream to meet the enemy. So much for river warfare. 絕斥澤，唯亟去無留， In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over them quickly, without any delay. 若交軍於斥澤之中，必依水草而背眾樹，此處斥澤之軍也。 If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass near you, and get your back to a clump of trees. So much for operations in salt-marches. 平陸處易，右背高，前死後生，此處平陸之軍也。 In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position with rising ground to your right and on your rear, so that the danger may be in front, and safety lie behind. So much for campaigning in flat country. 凡此四軍之利，黃帝之所以勝四帝也。 These are the four useful branches of military knowledge which enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several sovereigns. 凡軍好高而惡下，貴陽而賤陰， All armies prefer high ground to low and sunny places to dark. 養生而處實，軍無百疾，是謂必勝。 If you are careful of your men, and camp on hard ground, the army will be free from disease of every kind, and this will spell victory. 丘陵堤防，必處其陽而右背之，此兵之利，地之助也。 When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with the slope on your right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers and utilize the natural advantages of the ground. 上雨水流至，欲涉者，待其定也。 When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country, a river which you wish to ford is swollen and flecked with foam, you must wait until it subsides. 凡地有絕澗、天井、天牢、天羅、天陷、天隙，必亟去之，勿近也。 Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running between, deep natural hollows, confined places, tangled thickets, quagmires and crevasses, should be left with all possible speed and not approached. 吾遠之，敵近之；吾迎之，敵背之。 While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to approach them; while we face them, we should let the enemy have them on his rear. 軍旁有險阻、潢井、蒹葭、小林、□１薈者，必謹覆索之，此伏奸之所處也。 If in the neighborhood of your camp there should be any hilly country, ponds surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods with thick undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and searched; for these are places where men in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be lurking. 敵近而靜者，恃其險也； When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet, he is relying on the natural strength of his position. 遠而挑戰者，欲人之進也； When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle, he is anxious for the other side to advance. 其所居易者，利也； If his place of encampment is easy of access, he is tendering a bait. 眾樹動者，來也；眾草多障者，疑也； Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is advancing. The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious. 鳥起者，伏也；獸駭者，覆也； The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade. Startled beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming. 塵高而銳者，車來也；卑而廣者，徒來也；散而條達者，樵采也；少而往來者，營軍也； When there is dust rising in a high column, it is the sign of chariots advancing; when the dust is low, but spread over a wide area, it betokens the approach of infantry. When it branches out in different directions, it shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood. A few clouds of dust moving to and fro signify that the army is encamping. 辭卑而備者，進也；辭強而進驅者，退也； Humble words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy is about to advance. Violent language and driving forward as if to the attack are signs that he will retreat. 輕車先出居其側者，陳也； When the light chariots come out first and take up a position on the wings, it is a sign that the enemy is forming for battle. 無約而請和者，謀也； Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot. 奔走而陳兵者，期也； When there is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank, it means that the critical moment has come. 半進半退者，誘也； When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure. 杖而立者，饑也； When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears, they are faint from want of food. 汲而先飲者，渴也； If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves, the army is suffering from thirst. 見利而不進者，勞也； If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and makes no effort to secure it, the soldiers are exhausted. 鳥集者，虛也；夜呼者，恐也； If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied. Clamor by night betokens nervousness. 軍擾者，將不重也；旌旗動者，亂也；吏怒者，倦也； If there is disturbance in the camp, the general's authority is weak. If the banners and flags are shifted about, sedition is afoot. If the officers are angry, it means that the men are weary. 殺馬肉食者，軍無糧也；懸□２不返其捨者，窮寇也； When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills its cattle for food, and when the men do not hang their cooking-pots over the camp-fires, showing that they will not return to their tents, you may know that they are determined to fight to the death. 諄諄□３□３，徐與人言者，失眾也； The sight of men whispering together in small knots or speaking in subdued tones points to disaffection amongst the rank and file. 數賞者，窘也；數罰者，困也； Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of his resources; too many punishments betray a condition of dire distress. 先暴而後畏其眾者，不精之至也； To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright at the enemy's numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelligence. 來委謝者，欲休息也。 When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths, it is a sign that the enemy wishes for a truce. 兵怒而相迎，久而不合，又不相去，必謹察之。 If the enemy's troops march up angrily and remain facing ours for a long time without either joining battle or taking themselves off again, the situation is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection. 兵非貴益多也，惟無武進，足以併力料敵取人而已。 If our troops are no more in number than the enemy, that is amply sufficient; it only means that no direct attack can be made. What we can do is simply to concentrate all our available strength, keep a close watch on the enemy, and obtain reinforcements. 夫惟無慮而易敵者，必擒於人。 He who exercises no forethought but makes light of his opponents is sure to be captured by them. 卒未親而罰之，則不服，不服則難用。卒已親附而罰不行，則不可用。 If soldiers are punished before they have grown attached to you, they will not prove submissive; and, unless submissive, then will be practically useless. If, when the soldiers have become attached to you, punishments are not enforced, they will still be unless. 故合之以文，齊之以武，是謂必取。 Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance with humanity, but kept under control by means of iron discipline. This is a certain road to victory. 令素行以教其民，則民服；令素不行以教其民，則民不服。 If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced, the army will be well-disciplined; if not, its discipline will be bad. 令素行者，與眾相得也。 If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his orders being obeyed, the gain will be mutual. 【註：】１：「翳」加「 |
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