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| 2005/11/01 23:29:04瀏覽544｜回應0｜推薦0 | |
| 孫子兵法 (中英對照)
孫子兵法 The Art of War 孫武 By Sun Tzu Translated by Lionel Giles 始計第一 Laying Plans 孫子曰：兵者，國之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。 Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected. 故經之以五事，校之以計，而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰將，五曰法。 The art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to be taken into account in one's deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field. These are: (1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth; (4) The Commander; (5) Method and discipline. 道者，令民於上同意，可與之死，可與之生，而不危也； The Moral Law causes the people to be in complete accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him regardless of their lives, undismayed by any danger. 天者，陰陽、寒暑、時制也； Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat, times and seasons. 地者，遠近、險易、廣狹、死生也； Earth comprises distances, great and small; danger and security; open ground and narrow passes; the chances of life and death. 將者，智、信、仁、勇、嚴也； The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerely, benevolence, courage and strictness. 法者，曲制、官道、主用也。 By method and discipline are to be understood the marshaling of the army in its proper subdivisions, the graduations of rank among the officers, the maintenance of roads by which supplies may reach the army, and the control of military expenditure. 凡此五者，將莫不聞，知之者勝，不知之者不勝。 These five heads should be familiar to every general: he who knows them will be victorious; he who knows them not will fail. 故校之以計，而索其情，曰：主孰有道？ Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking to determine the military conditions, let them be made the basis of a comparison, in this wise:-- 將孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵眾孰強？士卒孰練？賞罰孰明？吾以此知勝負矣。 (1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law? (2) Which of the two generals has most ability? (3) With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven and Earth? (4) On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced? (5) Which army is stronger? (6) On which side are officers and men more highly trained? (7) In which army is there the greater constancy both in reward and punishment? By means of these seven considerations I can forecast victory or defeat. 將聽吾計，用之必勝，留之；將不聽吾計，用之必敗，去之。 The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer: let such a one be retained in command! The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it, will suffer defeat:--let such a one be dismissed! 計利以聽，乃為之勢，以佐其外。 While heading the profit of my counsel, avail yourself also of any helpful circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules. 勢者，因利而制權也。 According as circumstances are favorable, one should modify one's plans. 兵者，詭道也。 All warfare is based on deception. 故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之遠，遠而示之近。 Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near. 利而誘之，亂而取之， Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him. 實而備之，強而避之， If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in superior strength, evade him. 怒而撓之，卑而驕之， If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him. Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant. 佚而勞之，親而離之， If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. If his forces are united, separate them. 攻其無備，出其不意。 Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected. 此兵家之勝，不可先傳也。 These military devices, leading to victory, must not be divulged beforehand. 夫未戰而廟算勝者，得算多也；未戰而廟算不勝者，得算少也。多算勝少算，而況於無算乎！吾以此觀之，勝負見矣。 Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple where the battle is fought. The general who loses a battle makes but few calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations lead to victory, and few calculations to defeat: how much more no calculation at all! It is by attention to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose. 作戰第二 II. Waging War 孫子曰：凡用兵之法，馳車千駟，革車千乘，帶甲十萬，千里饋糧。則內外之費，賓客之用，膠 漆之材，車甲之奉，日費千金，然後十萬之師舉矣。 Sun Tzu said: In the operations of war, where there are in the field a thousand swift chariots, as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand mail-clad soldiers, with provisions enough to carry them a thousand li, the expenditure at home and at the front, including entertainment of guests, small items such as glue and paint, and sums spent on chariots and armor, will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day. Such is the cost of raising an army of 100,000 men. 其用戰也，勝久則鈍兵挫銳，攻城則力屈， When you engage in actual fighting, if victory is long in coming, then men's weapons will grow dull and their ardor will be damped. If you lay siege to a town, you will exhaust your strength. 久暴師則國用不足。 Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources of the State will not be equal to the strain. 夫鈍兵挫銳，屈力殫貨，則諸侯乘其弊而起，雖有智者不能善其後矣。 Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardor damped, your strength exhausted and your treasure spent, other chieftains will spring up to take advantage of your extremity. Then no man, however wise, will be able to avert the consequences that must ensue. 故兵聞拙速，未睹巧之久也。 Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war, cleverness has never been seen associated with long delays. 夫兵久而國利者，未之有也。 There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged warfare. 故不盡知用兵之害者，則不能盡知用兵之利也。 It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the evils of war that can thoroughly understand the profitable way of carrying it on. 善用兵者，役不再籍，糧不三載， The skillful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are his supply-wagons loaded more than twice. 取用於國，因糧於敵，故軍食可足也。 Bring war material with you from home, but forage on the enemy. Thus the army will have food enough for its needs. 國之貧於師者遠輸，遠輸則百姓貧； Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be maintained by contributions from a distance. Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes the people to be impoverished. 近師者貴賣，貴賣則百姓財竭， On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes prices to go up; and high prices cause the people's substance to be drained away. 財竭則急於丘役。 When their substance is drained away, the peasantry will be afflicted by heavy exactions. 力屈中原、內虛於家，百姓之費，十去其七；公家之費，破軍罷馬，甲冑矢弓，戟盾矛櫓，丘牛大車，十去其六。 With this loss of substance and exhaustion of strength, the homes of the people will be stripped bare, and three-tenths of their income will be dissipated; while government expenses for broken chariots, worn-out horses, breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields, protective mantles, draught-oxen and heavy wagons, will amount to four-tenths of its total revenue. 故智將務食於敵，食敵一鐘，當吾二十鍾；□１桿一石，當吾二十石。 Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on the enemy. One cartload of the enemy's provisions is equivalent to twenty of one's own, and likewise a single picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty from one's own store. 故殺敵者，怒也；取敵之利者，貨也。 Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger; that there may be advantage from defeating the enemy, they must have their rewards. 車戰得車十乘以上，賞其先得者而更其旌旗。車雜而乘之，卒善而養之，是謂勝敵而益強。 Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots have been taken, those should be rewarded who took the first. Our own flags should be substituted for those of the enemy, and the chariots mingled and used in conjunction with ours. The captured soldiers should be kindly treated and kept. This is called, using the conquered foe to augment one's own strength. 故兵貴勝，不貴久。 In war, then, let your great object be victory, not lengthy campaigns. 故知兵之將，民之司命。國家安危之主也。 Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter of the people's fate, the man on whom it depends whether the nation shall be in peace or in peril. 【註：】１：「忌」加「 |
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