身為一個熱愛美食、喜歡在城市裡挖掘驚喜的人，臺中公益路一直是我最常出沒的地方之一。這條路可說是「臺中人的美食戰場」，從精緻西餐到創意火鍋，從日式丼飯到義式早午餐，每走幾步，就會有完全不同的特色料理餐廳。

這次我特別花了一整個月，實際造訪了公益路上十間口碑不錯的餐廳。有的是網友熱推的打卡名店，也有隱藏在巷弄裡的小驚喜。我以環境氛圍、口味表現、價格CP值與再訪意願為基準，整理出這篇實測評比。希望能幫正在猶豫去哪裡吃飯的你，找到那一間「吃完會想再來」的餐廳。

評比標準與整理方向

這次我走訪的10家餐廳橫跨不同料理類型，從高質感牛排館到巷弄系早午餐，每一間都有自己獨特的風格。為了讓整體比較更客觀，我依照以下四大面向進行評比，並搭配實際用餐體驗來打分。

整體而言，我希望這份評比不只是「哪家好吃」，而是幫你在不同情境下（約會、家庭聚餐、朋友小聚、商業午餐）都能快速找到合適的選擇。畢竟，美食不只是味覺的滿足，更是一段段與朋友共享的生活記憶。

10間臺中公益路餐廳評比懶人包

公益路向來是臺中人聚餐的首選地段，從火鍋、燒肉到中式料理與早午餐，每走幾步就有驚喜。以下是我實際造訪過的10間代表性餐廳清單，橫跨平價、創意、高級各路風格。

一頭牛日式燒肉｜炭香濃郁的和牛饗宴，約會聚餐首選

走在公益路上，很難不被 一頭牛日式燒肉 的木質外觀吸引。低調卻不失質感的門面，搭配昏黃燈光與暖色調的內裝，讓人一進門就感受到濃濃的日式職人氛圍。店內空間不大，但桌距規劃得宜，每桌皆設有獨立排煙設備，烤肉時完全不怕滿身油煙味。

餐點特色

一頭牛的靈魂，絕對是他們招牌的「三國和牛拼盤」。
嚴選的和牛部位，共八個部位、十樣餐點，讓人能從牛頭一路品嘗到牛尾。
油花分布均勻、切片厚薄恰好，經過炭火烤炙後香氣四溢，焦香與油脂在口中交融，入口即化的滑順感令人難忘。
值得一提的是，一頭牛的菜單設計十分彈性
想要一次體驗完整套餐也可以，偏好客製口味則能自由單點組合，不受套餐限制，想吃什麼就點什麼。
而且每桌都能選擇「自行燒烤」或「專人代烤」服務，烤肉管家的火侯掌握與節奏讓整體體驗更輕鬆愉快。
除了主角和牛，旬味野炊飯 與 主廚冰淇淋 也是隱藏版亮點，前者粒粒分明、香氣撲鼻；後者以香草與焙茶為基底，隨季節更換口味，完美收尾。整體服務親切熱情，特別是壽星還能享有 生日畫盤驚喜，讓慶祝時刻更添儀式感。

用餐體驗

整體節奏掌握得非常好。店員會在你剛想烤下一片肉時貼心遞上夾子、幫忙換烤網，讓人完全不用分心。整場用餐過程就像一場表演，從視覺、嗅覺到味覺都被滿足。
如果是第一次約會或慶祝特別節日，這裡的氛圍既不尷尬又不吵鬧，是營造氣氛的理想選擇。

綜合評分

地址：408臺中市南屯區公益路二段162號

電話：04-23206800

官網：http://www.marihuana.com.tw/yakiniku/index.html

小結語

一頭牛日式燒肉不僅是「吃肉的地方」，更像是一場五感盛宴。從進門那一刻到最後一道甜點，都能感受到他們對細節的用心。
若要在公益路找一間能讓人「邊吃邊微笑」的燒肉店，一頭牛 絕對值得列入你的必訪清單。

TANG Zhan 湯棧｜文青系火鍋代表，麻香湯底與視覺美感並重

在公益路這條美食戰線上，TANG Zhan 湯棧 是讓人一眼就會想走進去的那一種。
黑灰調的現代外觀、搭配微霧玻璃與招牌的「湯棧」燈字，呈現出一種低調的時尚感。
店內設計延續品牌主題，以「湯」為靈魂打造整體體驗，從裝潢到香氣，都有濃厚的溫潤氣息。

餐點特色

湯棧最有名的當然是它的「麻香鍋」。
湯底以雞骨與多種辛香料慢熬，香氣濃郁卻不嗆辣，入口後會在喉間留下柔和的花椒香。
「招牌麻油雞鍋」與「黃金牛奶鍋」也是人氣選項，特別是在冬天，溫潤的湯底配上滑嫩肉片，讓人每一口都覺得暖心。
他們的「滷肉飯」和「香蔥豆腐皮」更是許多老客人必點的靈魂配角，簡單卻有記憶點。

用餐體驗

整體氛圍比一般火鍋店更有質感。
桌距寬敞、燈光柔和，店員動作俐落又親切。即使客滿，也不會感覺吵雜或壓迫。
不論是一個人想靜靜吃鍋、或是朋友聚餐，湯棧都能給你剛剛好的距離與溫度。
值得一提的是，上菜速度快、湯底續湯毫不手軟，細節服務到位。

綜合評分

地址：408臺中市南屯區公益路二段248號

電話：04-22580617

官網：https://www.facebook.com/TangZhan.tw/

小結語

NINI 尼尼臺中店｜明亮寬敞的義式早午餐天堂

如果說前兩間是肉食愛好者的天堂，那 NINI 尼尼臺中店 絕對是想放鬆、聊聊天的好地方。餐廳外觀以白色系與大片玻璃窗為主，陽光灑進室內，讓人一踏入就有種度假般的輕盈感。假日早午餐時段特別熱鬧，建議提早訂位。

餐點特色

NINI 的菜單融合義式與臺灣人口味，選擇多樣且份量十足。主打的 松露燉飯 濃郁卻不膩口，米芯保留微Q口感；而 香蒜海鮮義大利麵 則以新鮮白蝦、花枝與淡菜搭配微辣蒜香，口感層次豐富。
此外，他們的薄餅披薩相當受歡迎，餅皮薄脆、餡料新鮮，是三五好友共享的好選擇。

用餐體驗

店內氣氛輕鬆不拘謹，無論是一個人帶電腦工作、或朋友聚餐，都能找到舒服角落。餐點上桌速度穩定，服務人員態度親切、補水與收盤都非常主動。整體節奏讓人覺得「時間變慢了」，很適合想遠離忙碌日常的人。

綜合評分

地址：40861臺中市南屯區公益路二段18號

電話：04-23288498

官網：https://nini.com.tw/

小結語

加分100%浜中特選昆布鍋物｜平價卻用心的湯頭系火鍋，家庭聚餐好選擇

在公益路這條高質感餐廳林立的戰場上，加分100%浜中特選昆布鍋物 走的是截然不同的路線。它沒有浮誇的裝潢、也沒有高價位的套餐，但靠著實在的湯頭與親切的服務，默默吸引許多回頭客。每到用餐時間，總能看到家庭或情侶三兩成群地圍著鍋邊聊天。

餐點特色

主打 北海道浜中昆布湯底，湯頭清澈卻不單薄，越煮越能喝出海藻與柴魚的自然香氣。
我這次點的是「牛奶昆布鍋」，入口時奶香與昆布香完美融合，搭配新鮮的牛五花肉片，滑順又不膩。
菜盤走健康取向，蔬菜比例高，連玉米、南瓜、豆皮都能吃出甜味；附餐的烏龍麵Q彈有嚼勁，吃完十分有飽足感。

用餐體驗

整體氛圍偏家庭取向，桌距寬敞、座位舒適，帶小孩來也不覺擁擠。店員態度親切，補湯、收盤都很勤快，給人一種「被照顧著」的安心感。
最難得的是，即使價位不高，食材新鮮度仍維持得很好，能感受到店家對品質的堅持。

綜合評分

地址：403臺中市西區公益路288號

電話：0910855180

官網：https://giafine100.com/

小結語

加分100%浜中特選昆布鍋物是一間「不浮誇、但會讓人想再訪」的火鍋店。它不追求豪華擺盤，而是用最簡單的湯頭與新鮮食材，傳遞出家常卻不平凡的溫度。
如果你想在公益路找一間可以放心帶家人一起吃的鍋物店，這裡絕對會讓人感到「加分」不少。

印月餐廳｜中式料理的藝術演繹，宴客與家庭聚會首選

說到臺中公益路的中式料理代表，印月餐廳 絕對是榜上有名。這間開業多年的餐廳以「中菜西吃」的概念聞名，把傳統中式料理以現代手法重新詮釋。從建築外觀到餐具擺設，每個細節都散發著低調的典雅氣息。
走進印月，挑高的空間、柔和的燈光與木質桌椅構成沉穩的氛圍。
不論是家庭聚餐、商務宴客，還是節日慶祝，都能找到恰到好處的格調。

餐點特色

印月最令人印象深刻的是他們將傳統中菜融入創意手法。
這次我品嚐的「松露雞湯」香氣濃郁、層次分明，一口下去既有中式的溫潤感，又帶出西式松露的奢華香氣。
「蒜香牛肋條」則是另一道招牌菜，外酥內嫩、油香十足，咬下去肉汁在口中散開，搭配特調醬汁非常過癮。
此外，他們的創意港點如「麻辣小籠包」與「金沙流沙包」也深受年輕客群喜愛，既保留經典又玩出新意。

用餐體驗

服務方面完全對得起餐廳的高級定位。從入座、點餐到上菜節奏，都拿捏得恰如其分。每道菜都會有服務人員細心介紹食材與吃法，讓人感受到「被款待」的尊榮感。
雖然價位偏中高，但在這樣的氛圍與品質下，物有所值。

綜合評分

地址：408臺中市南屯區公益路二段818號

電話：0422511155

官網：https://wein818.com/

小結語

印月餐廳是一間「不只吃飯，更像品味生活」的地方。
它成功地讓中式料理不再只是圓桌菜，而是能展現質感、講究細節的美食體驗。
若你在找一間能同時滿足味蕾與體面的餐廳，印月 絕對是公益路上的不敗經典。

KoDō 和牛燒肉｜極致職人精神，專為儀式感與頂級味覺而生

若要形容 KoDō 和牛燒肉 的用餐體驗，一句話足以總結——「像在欣賞一場關於肉的表演」。
隱身在公益路一隅，KoDō 的外觀低調典雅，店內以深色木質調與間接照明營造出沉穩氛圍。
從踏入店門那一刻開始，服務人員的態度、動線、聲音控制，全都精準到位，讓人彷彿走進日式劇場。

餐點特色

這裡主打 日本A5和牛冷藏肉，以「精切厚燒」的方式呈現。
我點的「壽喜燒風和牛套餐」是本日最驚艷的一道——服務人員現場以鐵鍋輕煎，再淋上特製壽喜燒醬汁，香氣瞬間瀰漫整桌。
肉片油花細緻、入口即化，搭配生蛋液後更添柔滑口感。
另一道「冷藏肋眼心」則保留了和牛的彈性與甜度，每一口都能感受到油脂與炭火交織出的層次。
即使是配角如「季節小菜」與「日式和風飯」也毫不馬虎，整體呈現出高級卻不造作的平衡。

用餐體驗

KoDō 的最大特色是「儀式感」。
每位店員的動作都有節奏，從擺盤、火候、換網到講解，都像排練過無數次的演出。
在這裡用餐，會自然地放慢速度，專注於每一口肉帶來的細膩變化。
特別推薦搭配店內的紅酒或日本威士忌，風味更加圓潤。

綜合評分

地址：403臺中市西區公益路260號

電話：0423220312

官網：https://www.facebook.com/kodo2018/

小結語

KoDō 和牛燒肉不是日常餐廳，而是一場體驗。
從環境、服務到食材，每個細節都讓人感受到對「完美」的執著。
若你想在公益路找一間能讓人留下深刻印象、適合紀念日慶祝的餐廳，KoDō 絕對是值得收藏的一次「味覺儀式」。

永心鳳茶｜在茶香裡用餐的優雅時光，臺味早午餐的新詮釋

走進 永心鳳茶公益店，彷彿進入一間有氣質的茶館。
柔和的燈光灑在復古綠牆上，搭配大理石桌面與金色餐具，整體氛圍既典雅又帶有一絲文青氣息。
這裡不只是喝茶的地方，更像是把「臺灣味」以早午餐的形式重新演繹。

餐點特色

永心鳳茶的餐點結合中式靈魂與西式擺盤，無論是「炸雞腿飯」還是「紅玉紅茶拿鐵」，都能讓人感受到熟悉卻不平凡的味道。
炸雞腿外酥內嫩，搭配自製酸菜與溏心蛋，鹹香中帶著層次感。
「鳳茶甜點拼盤」則以茶為靈魂——伯爵茶蛋糕、烏龍茶奶酪、紅茶雪酥，每一口都有細緻的香氣變化。
最特別的是他們的茶飲，從臺灣高山紅茶到金萱冷泡茶，每一壺都現泡現倒，香氣清雅。
對我而言，這不只是一頓飯，更是一段放鬆的午後儀式。

用餐體驗

店內服務人員態度溫和，對茶品介紹詳盡。上餐節奏剛好，不急不徐。
整體氛圍很「耐坐」，許多客人吃完正餐後仍會續點一壺茶聊天。
音樂輕柔、光線柔和，是那種可以靜靜待上兩小時的地方。

綜合評分

地址：40360臺中市西區公益路68號三樓(勤美誠品)

電話：0423221118

官網：https://linktr.ee/yonshin

小結語

永心鳳茶讓人重新定義「臺味」。
它不走傳統路線，而是把熟悉的元素以更細緻、更現代的方式呈現。
無論是姊妹下午茶、親子餐聚，或是想一個人沉澱片刻，永心鳳茶 都是一處能讓人慢下來、品味生活的好地方。

三希樓｜老饕級江浙功夫菜，穩重又帶人情味的中式饗宴

位於公益路上的 三希樓 是許多臺中老饕的口袋名單。
它沒有浮誇的裝潢，卻有一種低調的自信。從大門進入，就能聞到淡淡的醬香與蒸氣味，那是正宗江浙菜的靈魂。
整體裝潢以深木色為主，搭配圓桌與包廂設計，非常適合家庭聚餐或請客宴會。

餐點特色

三希樓的菜色以 江浙與港式料理 為主，兼顧傳統與現代風味。
我這次點了「東坡肉」與「蝦仁炒飯」，兩道都展現了主廚深厚的火候功力。
東坡肉油亮卻不膩，入口即化、鹹甜交織；蝦仁炒飯粒粒分明、香氣十足，每一口都吃得到鑊氣。
此外，「小籠包」皮薄多汁，是幾乎每桌必點的招牌；港點類如「金牌流沙包」與「干貝燒賣」也都表現穩定。

用餐體驗

三希樓的服務給人一種老派但貼心的感覺。
店員上菜節奏掌握得很好，會主動幫忙分菜、收盤，態度沉穩而不打擾。
最讓我印象深刻的是，這裡的客群非常多元——有帶長輩的家庭、公司聚餐，也有情侶共度節日，卻都能在同一空間裡感到自在。

綜合評分

地址：408臺中市南屯區公益路二段95號

電話：0423202322

官網：https://www.sanxilou.com.tw/

小結語

三希樓是一間「吃得出功夫」的餐廳。
它不追求創新，而是用穩定的味道與真材實料，抓住每一位饕客的胃。
如果你想在公益路上找一間能兼顧長輩口味、氣氛又不拘謹的中餐廳，三希樓 絕對是最穩妥的選擇。

一笈壽司｜低調奢華的無菜單日料，職人手藝詮釋旬味極致

在熱鬧的公益路上，一笈壽司 低調得幾乎不顯眼。
外觀簡約，沒有華麗招牌，只有小小的木質門面與柔黃燈光。
一推開門，迎面而來的是日式杉木香氣與寧靜的氛圍，吧檯座位整齊排列，主廚站在中間，彷彿舞臺上的演出者。

餐點特色

一笈壽司採 Omakase（無菜單料理） 形式，每一餐都由主廚根據當日食材設計。
我這次選擇中價位套餐（約 $1200），共十多道料理，從前菜、小鉢、刺身、握壽司到甜點一氣呵成。
「比目魚鰭邊握」是整場最驚豔的瞬間——主廚以火槍輕炙，油脂瞬間釋放，入口後化成柔滑香氣。
「甜蝦海膽軍艦」則完美展現鮮度與層次感，海膽甘甜、甜蝦緊實。
搭配主廚親自調配的醬汁，每一口都像在品嚐季節的節奏。

用餐體驗

整場用餐約90分鐘，節奏緩慢但沉穩。
主廚會邊料理邊與客人互動，介紹魚種產地與食材處理方式。
雖然整體空間不大，但氣氛極佳——柔和的音樂、清酒的香氣、刀刃切魚時的聲音，讓人完全沉浸其中。
特別喜歡他們最後的甜點「焙茶奶酪」，收尾清爽優雅，為整場體驗畫下完美句點。

綜合評分

地址：408臺中市南屯區公益路二段25號

電話：0423206368

官網：https://www.facebook.com/YIJI.sushi/

小結語

一笈壽司是一間真正讓人「放慢呼吸」的餐廳。
這裡沒有多餘擺盤，也不靠噱頭，而是以主廚對食材的尊重與技術堆疊出一場味覺饗宴。
若你想在公益路體驗日本料理最純粹的精神，一笈壽司 絕對值得你預約、靜靜期待。

茶六燒肉堂｜人氣爆棚的和牛燒肉聖地，肉香與幸福感同時滿分

若要票選公益路上「最難訂位」的餐廳，茶六燒肉堂 絕對名列前茅。
不管平日或假日，用餐時段幾乎一位難求。外觀以木質格柵搭配大面玻璃設計，呈現出年輕又有質感的風格。店內空間明亮、桌距適中，播放著輕快的音樂，整體氛圍熱鬧中帶點高級感，是許多年輕人聚餐、慶生的首選地。

餐點特色

茶六主打 和牛燒肉套餐，價格約落在 $700–$1000 間，份量與品質兼具。
我這次點的是「厚切牛舌套餐」，肉片厚實彈牙，略帶脆感，搭配鹽蔥提味剛剛好。
另一道「和牛拼盤」也相當受歡迎，油花分布均勻、香氣濃郁，輕烤幾秒即可入口即化。
套餐附餐部分也相當用心：沙拉新鮮、味噌湯濃郁，最後還有一份「茶香冰淇淋」作結尾，香氣清爽，完美收尾。

用餐體驗

茶六的服務效率相當高。店員親切、換網勤快、補水速度快，整場用餐流程流暢無壓力。
雖然客人很多，但環境維持得乾淨整潔，動線規劃良好。
最令人印象深刻的是他們的 整體節奏拿捏得剛剛好 ——餐點上桌快、氣氛熱絡，卻不會讓人覺得匆忙。
不論是朋友聚會、家庭聚餐，甚至是情侶約會，都能找到各自的樂趣。

綜合評分

地址：403臺中市西區公益路268號

電話：0423281167

官網：https://inline.app/booking/-L93VSXuz8o86ahWDRg0:inline-live-karuizawa/-LUYUEIOYwa7GCUpAFWA

小結語

茶六燒肉堂用「穩定品質＋輕奢氛圍」抓住了臺中年輕族群的心。
不論是第一次約會還是老朋友重聚，都能在這裡找到屬於燒肉的快樂節奏。
若你在公益路只想挑一家「保證不踩雷」的燒肉店，茶六燒肉堂 絕對是首選。

吃完10家公益路餐廳後的心得與結語

吃完這十家餐廳後，臺中公益路不只是一條美食街，而是一段生活風景線。

有的餐廳講究細膩與儀式感，像 一頭牛日式燒肉 與 一笈壽司，讓人感受到食材最純粹的美好

有的則以親切與溫度打動人心，像 加分昆布鍋物、永心鳳茶，讓人明白吃飯不只是為了飽足，而是一種被照顧的幸福。

而像茶六燒肉堂、TANG Zhan 湯棧 這類人氣名店，則用穩定的品質與熱絡的氛圍，成為許多臺中人心中「想吃肉就去那裡」的代名詞。

這十家店，構成了公益路最動人的縮影

有華麗的，也有溫柔的；有傳統的，也有創新的。

 每一家都在自己的風格裡發光，讓人吃到的不只是料理，而是一種生活的溫度與節奏。

對我而言，這不僅是一場美食旅程，更是一趟關於「臺中味道」的回憶之旅。

FAQ：關於臺中公益路美食常見問題

Q1：公益路哪一區的餐廳最集中？
 最熱鬧的區段大約在「公益路與黎明路口」一帶，這裡聚集了許多知名餐廳，從高級燒肉到早午餐通通有。
像 一頭牛日式燒肉、TANG Zhan 湯棧、茶六燒肉堂 都在這附近，交通方便、停車也相對容易。

Q2：需要提前訂位嗎？
 公益路的熱門餐廳幾乎都建議 提早3～5天訂位，尤其是假日或節慶期間。
特別是 一頭牛日式燒肉、KoDō 和牛燒肉、一笈壽司 這幾家，若臨時前往幾乎很難有位。

最後的話

若要用一句話形容這趟美食之旅，我會說：
「在公益路，吃飯不是選擇，而是一種享受。」
這條路上的每一次用餐，都像一段城市裡的小旅行。
下次當你不確定想吃什麼時，不妨沿著公益路走一圈，或許下一家，正好就是你新的最愛。

印月餐廳價位會不會太高？

如果你也和我一樣喜歡用味蕾探索一座城市，那就把這篇公益路美食攻略收藏起來吧。印月餐廳大型聚餐空間夠不夠？

無論是約會、慶生、家庭聚餐，或只是想犒賞一下辛苦的自己——這條路上永遠會有一間剛剛好的餐廳在等你。NINI 尼尼臺中店調味偏重嗎？

下一餐，不妨從這10家開始。茶六燒肉堂小資族值得嗎？

打開手機、約上朋友，讓公益路成為你生活裡最容易抵達的小確幸。TANG Zhan 湯棧值得推薦嗎？

如果你有私心愛店，也歡迎留言分享，印月餐廳必點有哪些？

你的推薦，可能讓我下一趟美食旅程變得更精彩。加分100%浜中特選昆布鍋物套餐劃算嗎？

New PET scan research shows fewer synapses in autistic brains, linking these differences to autism’s social and communication difficulties, potentially transforming future diagnostics and treatment. A groundbreaking study using PET scans has revealed that autistic individuals have fewer brain synapses, directly correlating with more pronounced autism traits like social and communication challenges. This discovery, illustrating clear links between brain structure and behavioral expressions, could revolutionize diagnostic approaches and enhance support mechanisms, potentially leading to more targeted interventions and improved quality of life for those on the autism spectrum. Synaptic Research in Autism For decades, researchers have studied animal models and post-mortem brain tissue to explore social and communication differences that define autism. Now, a groundbreaking study has identified a molecular difference in the brains of living autistic people, linked to core features of the condition. This is the first time synaptic density has been measured in living individuals with autism. Synapses are the tiny junctions between neurons that enable communication within the nervous system. When a neuron is activated, it sends electrical signals down its axon, which are converted into chemical signals at the synapse. These chemicals, called neurotransmitters, are released into the synaptic gap and bind to receptors on the neighboring neuron, allowing the signal to continue. Breakthrough in Live Brain Analysis Using positron emission tomography (PET) scans, researchers discovered that autistic adults have fewer synapses—essential junctions where nerve cells transmit signals—compared to neurotypical individuals. They also observed that lower synapse counts correlated with more pronounced autistic traits. The team recently published their findings in Molecular Psychiatry. “As simple as our findings sound, this is something that has eluded our field for the past 80 years,” says James McPartland, PhD, Harris Professor in the Yale Child Study Center and the study’s principal investigator. “And this is truly remarkable—because it’s very unusual to see correlations between brain differences and behavior this strong in a condition as complex and heterogenous as autism.” There are several different theories about brain differences in autistic individuals, and atypical connectivity has been at the root of a number of these hypotheses. This has made synapses a prime area to investigate. “Synapses are the way neurons communicate,” says Adam Naples, PhD, assistant professor in the Child Study Center and co-investigator on the study. “They’re the fundamental mechanism for how information moves around the brain and is computed.” Previous studies have measured synaptic connectivity in indirect ways such as through animal models or post-mortem studies. “It’s like trying to figure out what something is by looking at the shadow it casts on the wall,” says McPartland. But the introduction of a new element in the PET scanning protocol permitted McPartland and his team to see connectivity directly—in living human beings—for the very first time. PET Scans Reveal Fewer Synapses in Autistic Brains Before the study, all of the subjects participated in a clinician interview. Given the complexity of autism, clinicians used the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)—the gold standard for diagnosing autism—to evaluate participants for the condition. Participants also filled out self-report questionnaires about their own experiences living with autism, such as difficulty with social interactions or sensory issues. The researchers ruled out any potential subjects with medical conditions or neuropsychiatric disabilities that could influence the study’s findings. In total, 12 autistic adults and 20 neurotypical adults participated in the research. “As simple as our findings sound, this is something that has eluded our field for the past 80 years.” James McPartland, PhD Then, each participant underwent a brain scan using both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and PET technology. The MRI scan allowed researchers to visualize each participant’s brain anatomy in great detail. Before the PET scan, researchers injected a novel radiotracer known as 11C‑UCB‑J, which was developed with the Yale PET Center, and which enabled them to measure synaptic density in the brain. The researchers found that autistic people had 17% lower synaptic density across the whole brain compared to neurotypical individuals. Furthermore, they found that lower synaptic density was significantly correlated to the number of social-communication differences, such as reduced eye contact, repetitive behaviors, and difficulty understanding social cues, in these individuals. In other words, the fewer synapses a person had, the greater number of autistic traits they showed. New Insights Into Autism Diagnosis and Treatment A major limiting factor in clinicians’ ability to understand and offer support for autistic people, says McPartland, is the lack of a mechanistic understanding of the condition. “Today’s diagnostic criteria [which predate this new study] involve descriptions of behavior that are broad and pretty vague,” he explains. “We could be so much more effective in figuring out whether and what supports are needed if we could aid our clinical decisions with an understanding of the biology of autism.” Investigating the underlying mechanisms of autism could also help researchers better define subgroups within the condition. “We historically had the hubris to think we could create subgroups without this understanding,” McPartland says. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV), which was published in 1994, divided autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) into Asperger’s syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), and autistic disorder. “Then in the DSM-5, we had to swallow our pride and throw these categories away because they weren’t working.” Today, the DSM-5 defaults to one broad, non-specific category of ASD. McPartland hopes his work will help pave the way for parsing autism into better-defined subgroups, which will in turn help clinicians better understand the wide range of features autistic individuals may present with. It is still unclear whether autistic people are born with fewer synapses, or if this difference occurs as a result of living with autism. But PET scans could one day potentially help clinicians anticipate a child’s prognosis and enable the care team to administer appropriate interventions earlier. “This is the dream — to be able to give biologic confirmation to patients and their families,” says David Matuskey, MD, associate professor of radiology & biomedical imaging, and the study’s first author. “That would change everything.” Advancements and Goals for Future Autism Research In future studies, the team is investigating the use of nonradioactive approaches that are less expensive than PET scans for directly studying the autistic brain. They are also interested in measuring synapses in adolescent brains to better understand how this may evolve as an individual ages. Finally, the team plans to explore how their findings relate to other outcomes associated with autism. For instance, autistic individuals are at a higher risk of mental health issues such as depression or anxiety than neurotypical people. “This is something that’s really important for us to investigate to serve our overarching goal, which is to get information that can maximize the quality of life for autistic people,” says McPartland. Reference: “11C-UCB-J PET imaging is consistent with lower synaptic density in autistic adults” by David Matuskey, Yanghong Yang, Mika Naganawa, Sheida Koohsari, Takuya Toyonaga, Paul Gravel, Brian Pittman, Kristen Torres, Lauren Pisani, Caroline Finn, Sophie Cramer-Benjamin, Nicole Herman, Lindsey H. Rosenthal, Cassandra J. Franke, Bridget M. Walicki, Irina Esterlis, Patrick Skosnik, Rajiv Radhakrishnan, Julie M. Wolf, Nabeel Nabulsi, Jim Ropchan, Yiyun Huang, Richard E. Carson, Adam J. Naples and James C. McPartland, 4 October 2024, Molecular Psychiatry. DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02776-2

Imaging of human intestinal tissue in inflammatory bowel disease showing the presence of metaplastic epithelial glands. Credit: A. Oliver, N. Huang, R. Li, et al. (2024) A new gut cell atlas, comprising data from 1.6 million cells, offers unprecedented insights into gastrointestinal health and disease. A research team led by the Wellcome Sanger Institute has created the most comprehensive cell map of the human gut to date by combining spatial and single-cell data from 1.6 million cells. This atlas provides unprecedented insights into conditions such as bowel cancer and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Using this resource, the team uncovered a new role of a specific gut cell, highlighting its contributions to a cycle of inflammation that may cause pain and distress in some individuals. A new study published in Nature details how the team harmonized over 25 single-cell datasets of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract to create the world’s largest freely available resource on the human gut to date. This includes samples from both those with and without health conditions. Imaging of human intestinal tissue in inflammatory bowel disease showing the presence of metaplastic epithelial glands. Credit: A. Oliver, N. Huang, R. Li, et al. (2024) Impact on Health and Disease Research By gaining a more comprehensive understanding of the human gut in both health and disease, researchers can identify key changes or differences linked to conditions such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. This insight may lead to new potential targets for drug development. This paper is part of a collection of over 40 HCA publications in Nature Portfolio journals that represent a milestone leap in our understanding of the human body. These complementary studies have shed light on central aspects of human development and health and disease biology and led to the development of vital analytical tools and technologies, all of which will contribute to the creation of the Human Cell Atlas.[1] Imaging of human intestinal tissue in inflammatory bowel disease showing the presence of metaplastic epithelial glands. Credit: A. Oliver, N. Huang, R. Li, et al. (2024) Global Incidence and Impact of GI Conditions The GI tract is the general name for a group of organs involved in the digestive system that work together to absorb nutrients from our food and act as a barrier against pathogens. It starts at the mouth and includes the throat, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. GI tract conditions impact millions of lives around the world. For example, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, which are both types of IBD, affect over seven million people worldwide,[2] with one in every 123 people in the UK living with IBD.[3] IBD symptoms can vary between people and have a huge impact on a person’s life. These include abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, extreme fatigue, and joint problems.[4] Bowel cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, starts in the large intestine and is the fourth most common cancer in the UK, with almost 43,000 people diagnosed every year.[5] Globally, there are around two million cases,[6] and it is estimated that one in 17 men and one in 20 women will be diagnosed with bowel cancer during their lifetime.[5] Imaging of human intestinal tissue in inflammatory bowel disease showing the presence of metaplastic epithelial glands. Credit: A. Oliver, N. Huang, R. Li, et al. (2024) Advances in Cellular Research Tools Due to the impact of these conditions, there have been multiple single-cell studies investigating the cellular structure of the GI tract in health and disease. These studies have separate processes and labeling systems, which can create difficulties when external researchers attempt to use them. In this latest study, researchers from the Wellcome Sanger Institute and collaborators developed a new tool to harmonize these data, creating a standardized resource of gut cells that is available to researchers worldwide. This tool could also be applied to other organs and help facilitate further studies. The team merged 25 datasets, resulting in an atlas of 1.6 million cells containing both single-cell and spatial data, allowing researchers to see what cells were present, where they were located, and how they communicated with the environment around them. The atlas was created with data from tissue samples from those without GI issues, as well as those with gastric and colorectal cancers, celiac disease, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn’s disease. Imaging of human intestinal tissue in inflammatory bowel disease showing the presence of metaplastic epithelial glands. Credit: A. Oliver, N. Huang, R. Li, et al. (2024) Role of Gut Metaplastic Cells in Inflammation The team also identified a type of gut cell that may have a role in inflammation. The cells, known as gut metaplastic cells, are known to be involved in healing the stomach lining. However, the team discovered that these cells contained genetic similarities to other GI cells involved in inflammation. They suggest that inflammation in IBD leads to changes in these metaplastic cells, which actively contributes to further inflammatory responses. By understanding more about this cycle of inflammation, it might be possible to find new ways to prevent or treat this in IBD and possibly apply this knowledge to other tissues and conditions. Conclusion and Future Prospects The Gut Cell Atlas is freely available, and the team has developed new processes to allow future studies to be added, creating an evolving, accessible resource for scientists. Dr. Amanda Oliver, first author from the Wellcome Sanger Institute, said: “Spatial and single-cell data provide unique information about how gut cells interact, that can be used to continue piecing together an in-depth understanding of how the human body works. Combining existing single-cell datasets allows us to create a more complete picture of the human gut and ensures that researchers can work together to continue to benefit human health. Our Gut Cell Atlas is also harmonized and freely available, and we hope that people will continue to build on this, adding in data for scientists worldwide to use.” Dr. Rasa Elmentaite, co-senior author previously at the Wellcome Sanger Institute and currently at Ensocell Therapeutics, said: “As the integrated atlas contains such a large amount of data, from people with and without gut conditions, we were able to uncover a pathogenic cell type that may play a role in some chronic conditions and could be a target for intervention in the future. This demonstrates the power of using integrated single-cell atlases in research, and I am confident that applying this approach to other tissues and organs will drive new therapeutic discoveries for a range of conditions.” Professor Sarah Teichmann, co-senior author and co-founder of the Human Cell Atlas, previously at the Wellcome Sanger Institute and now at the Cambridge Stem Cell Institute at the University of Cambridge, said: “A detailed understanding of cells through the Human Cell Atlas will help explain many aspects of human health and disease and possibly illuminate new avenues for treatment. This harmonized Gut Cell Atlas shows what can be achieved through open collaboration with scientists worldwide, and has led to an accessible combined resource that can be used by everyone to find new ways to understand and treat disease.” Notes The HCA is an international collaborative consortium whose mission is to create comprehensive reference maps of all human cells—the fundamental units of life—as a basis for understanding human health and for diagnosing, monitoring, and treating disease. The HCA community is producing high-quality Atlases of tissues, organs, and systems, to create a milestone Atlas of the human body. More than 3,500 HCA members from over 100 countries are working together to achieve a diverse and accessible Atlas to benefit humanity across the world. Discoveries are already informing medical applications from diagnoses to drug discovery, and the Human Cell Atlas will impact every aspect of biology and healthcare, ultimately leading to a new era of precision medicine. https://www.humancellatlas.org “Global burden of inflammatory bowel disease” by Vipul Jairath and Brian G Feagan, 21 October 2019, The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30358-9 New research shows over 1 in 123 people in UK living with Crohn’s or Colitis. (2022) Crohn’s & Colitis UK, available at: https://crohnsandcolitis.org.uk/news-stories/news-items/new-research-shows-over-1-in-123-people-in-uk-living-with-crohn-s-or-colitis [Accessed July 2024] Symptoms, Crohn’s & Colitis UK, available at: https://crohnsandcolitis.org.uk/info-support/information-about-crohns-and-colitis/all-information-about-crohns-and-colitis/symptoms?parent=23151&page=1&tags=&category=23151&sort=newest Bowel cancer. (reviewed June 2024) Bowel Cancer UK, available at: https://www.bowelcanceruk.org.uk/about-bowel-cancer/bowel-cancer/ [Accessed November 2024] Reference: “Global burden of colorectal cancer in 2020 and 2040: incidence and mortality estimates from GLOBOCAN” by Eileen Morgan, Melina Arnold, A Gini, V Lorenzoni, C J Cabasag, Mathieu Laversanne, Jerome Vignat, Jacques Ferlay, Neil Murphy and Freddie Bray, 1 February 2023, Gut. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327736 Reference: “Single-cell integration reveals metaplasia in inflammatory gut diseases” by Amanda J. Oliver, Ni Huang, Raquel Bartolome-Casado, Ruoyan Li, Simon Koplev, Hogne R. Nilsen, Madelyn Moy, Batuhan Cakir, Krzysztof Polanski, Victoria Gudiño, Elisa Melón-Ardanaz, Dinithi Sumanaweera, Daniel Dimitrov, Lisa Marie Milchsack, Michael E. B. FitzPatrick, Nicholas M. Provine, Jacqueline M. Boccacino, Emma Dann, Alexander V. Predeus, Ken To, Martin Prete, Jonathan A. Chapman, Andrea C. Masi, Emily Stephenson, Justin Engelbert, Sebastian Lobentanzer, Shani Perera, Laura Richardson, Rakeshlal Kapuge, Anna Wilbrey-Clark, Claudia I. Semprich, Sophie Ellams, Catherine Tudor, Philomeena Joseph, Alba Garrido-Trigo, Ana M. Corraliza, Thomas R. W. Oliver, C. Elizabeth Hook, Kylie R. James, Krishnaa T. Mahbubani, Kourosh Saeb-Parsy, Matthias Zilbauer, Julio Saez-Rodriguez, Marte Lie Høivik, Espen S. Bækkevold, Christopher J. Stewart, Janet E. Berrington, Kerstin B. Meyer, Paul Klenerman, Azucena Salas, Muzlifah Haniffa, Frode L. Jahnsen, Rasa Elmentaite and Sarah A. Teichmann, 20 November 2024, Nature. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07571-1 This research was part-funded by Wellcome; a full acknowledgment list can be found in the publication.

The DNA transfer method shown involves using a syringe to inject a specific species of bacterium into the petunia stigma to activate targeted genes, then isolating the resulting proteins. Credit: Purdue Agricultural Communications photo/Tom Campbell Visual marker in petunia flowers sheds light on a little-known process. A research team led by Purdue University has begun translating the intricate molecular language of petunias. The grammar and vocabulary of this language are deeply concealed within the countless proteins and other compounds that populate the cells of flowers. Being rooted to the ground, plants can’t run away from insects, pathogens, or other threats to their survival. But plant scientists have long known that they do send warnings to each other via scent chemicals called volatile organic compounds. “They use volatiles because they can’t talk,” said Natalia Dudareva, Distinguished Professor of Biochemistry and Horticulture and Landscape Architecture at Purdue. “Plants inform neighboring plants about pathogen attacks. It looks almost like immunization. Under normal conditions, you don’t see any changes in the receiver plant. But as soon as a receiver plant is infected, it responds much faster. It’s prepared for response.” Plant scientists have long known about this immunization-like priming, but until a few years ago, they had no way to study the process. They needed a marker showing that the plants had detected the volatile compounds. New Discoveries in Plant Signaling Dudareva and 13 co-authors describe new details of the detection process in a paper recently published in the journal Science. The team includes researchers from Purdue, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne in France, and the University of California-Davis. PhD candidate Shannon Stirling in Natalia Dudareva’s Lab, transfers DNA into a petunia by using a syringe to inject bacterium into the stigma to activate targeted genes, then isolating the resulting proteins. Credit: Purdue Agricultural Communications photo/Tom Campbell Scientists know little about plant receptors for volatiles. Mammals and insects have them, too, but the way they perceive volatiles is too different to help researchers study the process in plants, Dudareva said. A research team led by Purdue University scientists has documented new details about how petunias use volatile organic compounds to communicate. The Role of Volatiles in Plant Protection In 2019, in the journal Nature Chemical Biology, Dudareva and her associates published their discovery of a new physiological process, “Natural fumigation as a mechanism for volatile transport between flower organs.” The study described how a plant’s floral tubes produce volatile compounds to sterilize their stigma, the part of the pistil that collects pollen, to protect against attack by pathogens. “There are a lot of sugars on the stigma, especially in petunias. It means that bacteria will grow very nicely without these volatiles present,” Dudareva said. “But if the stigma does not receive tube-produced volatiles, it’s also smaller. This was interorgan communication. Now we had a good marker — stigma size — to study this communication process.” A research team led by Purdue University scientists has documented new details about how petunia flowers use volatile organic compounds to communicate. Credit: Purdue Agricultural Communications photo/Tom Campbell Measurements made from photographs showed statistical differences in the stigma size upon exposure to volatiles, said the Science study’s lead author, Shannon Stirling, a Ph.D. student in horticulture and landscape architecture at Purdue. “You can see that this is a consistent trend,” she said. “Once you’ve looked at enough stigmas, you can see by eye that there is a slight difference in size.” A Breakthrough in Understanding Plant Responses Combined with the genetic manipulation of the potential proteins involved, the work surprisingly revealed that a karrikin-like signaling pathway played a key role in petunia cellular signaling. “Karrikins aren’t produced by plants,” Stirling said. “They’re produced when plants burn, and our plants have never been exposed to smoke or fire.” The team also documented the importance of the karrikin-like pathway in the detection of volatile sesquiterpenes. Many plants use sesquiterpenes to communicate with other plants, among other functions. Surprisingly, the identified karrikin receptor showed the ability to selectively perceive signaling from one type of sesquiterpene compound but not its mirror image, a trait called “stereospecificity.” The receptor appears to be highly selective to the compound, said study co-author Matthew Bergman, a postdoctoral researcher in biochemistry at Purdue. “The plant produces many different volatile compounds and is exposed to plenty of others,” Bergman said. “It’s quite remarkable how selective and specific this receptor is exclusively for this signal being sent from the tubes. Such specificity ensures that no other volatile signals are getting by. There’s no false signaling.” Methodological Challenges and Innovations For Stirling, the study required mastering a painstaking method for temporarily altering the levels of proteins of the petunia pistils to identify the signal-receptor protein interactions. “Pistils and stigmas are small. They’re a little difficult to work with because of their size,” she said. “Even the sheer amount of stigmas you need to get enough sample for anything is quite large because they don’t weigh much.” This method involved injecting a certain species of bacterium into the stigma to introduce targeted genes, then isolating the resulting proteins. “It’s not easy to manipulate such a small organ,” Bergman noted. “But Shannon was able to gently prick the stigma with a syringe and infiltrate it with this bacterium so delicately. She’s quite an expert at this.” Petunias are often brightly colored and smell nice, but the Purdue scientists also value them because they serve as a fertile model system for their research. Reference: “Volatile communication in plants relies on a KAI2-mediated signaling pathway” by Shannon A. Stirling, Angelica M. Guercio, Ryan M. Patrick, Xing-Qi Huang, Matthew E. Bergman, Varun Dwivedi, Ruy W. J. Kortbeek, Yi-Kai Liu, Fuai Sun, W. Andy Tao, Ying Li, Benoît Boachon, Nitzan Shabek and Natalia Dudareva, 21 March 2024, Science. DOI: 10.1126/science.adl4685 “They’ve proven quite fruitful thus far,” Bergman said.

RRG455KLJIEVEWWF