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U1-Euthanesia & Law - Wikipedia

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安樂死合法化是只有文明程度極高的地區或國家才行得通的制度。我讚成安樂死合法化，所以我要收集資料供有意瞭解的網友點選閱讀；有機會時，我也會撰稿鼓吹。因人類的科學進步神速，世界正面臨人類壽命延長和環境不利健康的矛盾發展，未來世界必然要面對老齡人和失業人口多的現實社會問題。本文共列有三篇資料：

(1A). 安樂死-維基百科

(1C). Euthanasia - Wikipedia

(1C). Legality of euthanasia-Wikipedia (Euthanasia and the law)

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此篇給安樂死的定義裡 "給予患有不治之症的人" 句是狹義的說法；看英文篇就可發現此話非假。維基百科的中文篇每有筆者主觀意識表現不當的弊病：

★(1A). 安樂死-維基百科：安樂死（希臘文：Ευθανασία / Euthanasia，「eu」意「好」、「thanasia」衍生自死神塔那托斯），有「好的死亡」或「無痛苦的死亡」的含意，是一種給予患有不治之症的人以無痛楚、或更嚴謹而言「盡其量減小痛楚地」致死的行為或措施，一般用於在個別患者出現了無法醫治的長期顯性病症，因病情到了晚期或不治之症，對病人造成極大的負擔，不願再受病痛折磨而採取的了結生命的措施時，經過醫生和病人雙方同意後進行，以通過提前死亡的方式減輕痛苦。

目前醫學界對「安樂死」並沒有統一的定義，不過在操作層面，主要可分為「主動安樂死」和「被動安樂死 / 善終處理」兩大類，前者是按病人要求，主動為病人結束生命（例如透過注射方式）；後者是按病人意願停止療程（例如除去病人的維生系統或讓病人停止服藥），使其自然死亡。

以荷蘭為例，目前荷蘭要執行安樂死，須出自病人意願，且有醫生證明病人正處於「不能減輕」和「不能忍受」的痛苦中，醫生和病人之間也得先達成共識，確認安樂死已經是他們的唯一選擇。

安樂死在許多國家引發了很大的爭議（例如美國的特麗·夏沃的案）。目前已立法容許安樂死的地方有荷蘭、比利時、美國奧勒崗州等等。

參見：

* 優生學 Eugenics-Wikipedia

* 自殺 Suicide-Wikipedia

接受或尋求安樂死的著名個案：

* 特麗·夏沃（美國） Terri Schiavo case-Wikipedia

* 鄧紹斌（香港）

* 東海大學安楽死事件。（日本）

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★(1B). Euthanasia-Wikipedia：Euthanasia (from the Greek ευθανασία meaning "good death": ευ-, eu- (well or good) + θάνατος, thanatos (death)) refers to the practice of ending a life in a painless manner. According to the House of Lords Select Committee on Medical Ethics, the precise definition of euthanasia is "a deliberate intervention undertaken with the express intention of ending a life, to relieve intractable suffering"^[1].

C o n t e n t s (已收入此處下文)：
1 Classification of euthanasia
1.1 Voluntary euthanasia：Euthanasia conducted with consent is termed voluntary euthanasia.
1.2 Involuntary euthanasia：Euthanasia conducted without consent is termed involuntary euthanasia. Involuntary euthanasia is conducted where an individual makes a decision for another person incapable of doing so.
2 Active or passive: Both voluntary and involuntary euthanasia can be conducted passively or actively. A number of authors consider these terms to be misleading and unhelpful.[1] Passive euthanasia entails the withholding of common treatments (such as antibiotics, chemotherapy in cancer, or surgery) or the distribution of a medication (such as morphine) to relieve pain, knowing that it may also result in death (principle of double effect). Passive euthanasia is the most accepted form, and it is a common practice in most hospitals. Passive euthanasia may also entail the withdrawing of life support, which is more controversial. Active euthanasia entails the use of lethal substances or forces to kill and is the most controversial means. An individual may use a euthanasia machine to perform active voluntary euthanasia on himself / herself.
3 References: ^ a b Harris, NM. (Oct 2001). "The euthanasia debate.". J R Army Med Corps 147 (3): 367-70. PMID 11766225.
4 See also: Medical law

☆ Suicide:

* History: List of suicides · Suicide methods · Suicide rate

* Views: Cultural · Legal · Medical · Philosophical · Religious · Right to die

* Suicide crisis: Assessment of risk · Crisis hotline · Intervention · Prevention · Suicide watch

* Suicide types: Copycat · Cult · Euthanasia(即本篇) · Familicide · Forced · Honor · Internet · Martyrdom · Mass · Murder-suicide · Ritual · Attack · By cop · Pact · Teenage

* Related phenomena: Ideation · Self-injury · Suicide note

☆Death and related topics:

* In medicine: Autopsy · Brain death · Clinical death · Euthanasia(即本篇) · Lazarus Syndrome · Persistent vegetative state · Terminal illness

* Lists: Causes of death by rate · Preventable causes of death · People by cause of death · List of expressions related to death · Notable deaths in 2007 · Notable deaths in 2008 · Notable deaths in 2009

* Mortality: Immortality · Perinatal mortality · Infant mortality · Child mortality · Legal death · Maternal death · Mortality rate

* After death: Body: Burial · Cremation · Cryonics · Promession · Resomation · Mummification · Decomposition Death certificate · Funeral · Grief · Mourning · Category:Customs · Afterlife · Intermediate state

* Paranormal: Out-of-body experience · Near-death experience · Near-death studies · Reincarnation research · Séance

* Legal: Wills · Trust · Estate

* Other: Murder · Genocide · Suicide · Assisted suicide · Fascination with death · Martyrdom · Sacrifices (Human · Animal) · War · Personification of Death · Death and culture · Category:Death by country · Capital punishment

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★(1C). Legality of euthanasia-Wikipedia (Euthanasia and the law)：Efforts to change government policies on euthanasia in the 20th century have met limited success in Western countries. Euthanasia policies have also been developed by a variety of NGOs, most notably medical associations and advocacy organizations. (NGO = Non-governmental organizations)