課程計畫：1820-1865：Overview. &Washington Irving's "Rip Van Winkle"

Notes:

Edgar Allan Poe (The last paragraph)
And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting
On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;
And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming,
And the lamp-light o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor;
And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor
Shall be lifted – nevermore!

#Cultural depictions of ravens  inmodern literature:The raven is often depicted in the literature of the Western Canon. William Shakespeare refers to the raven more often than to any other bird; works such as Othello and Macbeth provide examples. In Charles Dickens' novel Barnaby Rudge, the raven "Grip" is an important character.The raven is used as a supernatural messenger in Edgar Allan Poe's poem "The Raven". In this and in Dickens' book, the bird's power of speech is important. In other works of literature, Christopher Marlowe's play The Jew of Malta and Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, the raven's darkly ominous image is also employed. In The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien, Roäc son of Carc is the leader of the Ravens of the Lonely Mountain.
　　In the well-known ballad The Three Ravens, a slain（殺死） knight is depicted（描繪） from the point of view of ravens who seek to eat him but are prevented by his loyal hawks, hounds and leman (lover).
　　The first name "Bram" is derived from a convergence of two separate etymological sources, one being an abbreviation of "Abraham", but the other being the Gaelic word "bran", meaning "raven".
　　A shapeshifting（變身） alien appears variously as a Tlingit shaman named Gordon and as a raven (as noted above, significant in Tlingit mythos) in Joe Haldeman's 2002 science fiction novel Guardian.

#the raven and "nevermore" in Gauguin's paintings:

The Birth of Venus

#description：

Venus is an Italian Renaissance ideal: red-haired, pale-skinned, voluptuous. Botticelli has picked out highlights in her hair with gold leaf and has emphasized the femininity of her body (long neck, curviness). The brilliant light and soothing colors, the luxurious garden, the gorgeous draperies(帷幔) of the nymph（仙女）, and the roses floating around the beautiful nude（裸的） all suggest that the painting is meant to bring pleasure to the viewer.
#Sandro Botticelli：

Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi, better known as Sandro Botticelli (c.1445–May 17, 1510), was an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance. He belonged to the Florentine school under the patronage of Lorenzo de' Medici, a movement that Giorgio Vasari would characterize less than a hundred years later as a "golden age", a thought, suitably enough, he expressed at the head of his Vita of Botticelli. Botticelli's posthumous reputation

suffered until the late 19th century; since then his work has been seen to represent the linear grace of Early Renaissance painting. Among his best known works are The Birth of Venus and Primavera.

George Eliot

#Literary assessment :

    The religious elements in her fiction also owe much to her upbringing(成長經歷), with the experiences of Maggie Tulliver from The Mill on the Floss sharing many similarities with the young Mary Anne Evans's own development. When Silas Marner is persuaded that his alienation from the church means also his alienation from society, the author's life is again mirrored with her refusal to attend church. She was at her most autobiographical in Looking Backwards, part of her final printed work Impressions of Theophrastus（ first published in 1879）Such. By the time of Daniel Deronda, Eliot's sales were falling off, and she faded from public view to some degree. This was not helped by the biography written by her husband after her death, which portrayed（描繪、畫像） a wonderful, almost saintly, woman totally at odds with the scandalous life people knew she had led. In the 20th century she was championed by a new breed of critics, most notably by Virginia Woolf, who called Middlemarch "one of the few English novels written for grown-up people". Twentieth-century literary critic Harold Bloom placed Eliot among the greatest Western writers of all time. The various film and television adaptations of Eliot's books have re-introduced her to the wider reading public.

#Major Works：

• 　《艾摩斯・巴顿》Amos Barton
• Adam Bede　《亚当・柏德》
• The Mill on the Floss　《佛罗斯河畔上的磨坊》
• Silas Marner　《织工马南传》
• Middlemarch　《中间进行曲》
• Daniel Deronda 《丹尼尔・德隆达》
• Scenes of Clerical Life 《教区生活场景 1858》