计划生育政策即将功亏一篑之五--中国人口战争简介—4
论战双方的观点—3
在上一篇文章里,我们用瑞典的人口统计资料已经证明(参看表1-4):瑞典从1968年起,总和生育率(TFR)即低于所谓的更替指标TFR=2.1,经过28个年头后,直到1996年TFR=1.61时,人口仍旧保持为正增长。“只要总和生育率一旦低于2.1的更替水平,人口就出现负增长,之所以现在还没有出现负增长,是因为滞后的关系”,此说已经不攻自破。到1997年TFR=1.52时,人口才出现负增长0.4‰,经过1998、1999、2000和2001共计5年,人口维持负增长后,到2002年TFR=1.65后,人口又恢复为正增长至今。则“人口一旦出现负增长,人口就不可能回复为正增长”之说,至此,也就成为天大的笑话。
现在,我们再举一个美国的例子,进一步证明反对计划生育派言论的荒谬。从表1-5 美国人口统计表可见,美国从1972年起,总和生育率TFR即降至2.1以下至今(除2006年和2007年TFR=2,108和2,12),长达42个年头,人口始终呈正增长,所谓的“只要总和生育率一旦低于2.1的更替水平,人口就出现负增长,之所以现在还没有出现负增长,是因为滞后的关系”之说,至此又告破产。
美国出生率/总和生育率的比值,长年平均值=7.638,此值今后会有妙用。
表1-5
|
美国人口统计表
|
|
|
|
|
年份
|
人口(千)
|
出生率‰
|
死亡率‰
|
增长率‰
|
总和生育率
|
出生/总和
|
1935
|
127,362
|
18.7
|
10.9
|
7.7
|
2.19
|
8.538813
|
1936
|
128,181
|
18.4
|
11.5
|
6.8
|
2.15
|
8.55814
|
1937
|
128,961
|
18.7
|
11.2
|
7.5
|
2.17
|
8.617512
|
1938
|
129,969
|
19.2
|
10.6
|
8.6
|
2.22
|
8.648649
|
1939
|
131,028
|
18.8
|
10.6
|
8.2
|
2.17
|
8.663594
|
1940
|
132,165
|
19.4
|
10.8
|
8.6
|
2.23
|
8.699552
|
1941
|
133,002
|
20.3
|
10.5
|
9.8
|
2.33
|
8.712446
|
1942
|
134,464
|
22.2
|
10.3
|
11.9
|
2.55
|
8.705882
|
1943
|
136,003
|
22.8
|
10.7
|
12.1
|
2.64
|
8.636364
|
1944
|
138,083
|
21.2
|
10.2
|
11
|
2.49
|
8.514056
|
1945
|
139,994
|
20.4
|
10
|
10.4
|
2.42
|
8.429752
|
1946
|
140,008
|
24.1
|
10
|
14.1
|
2.86
|
8.426573
|
1947
|
145,023
|
26.6
|
10
|
16.6
|
3.18
|
8.36478
|
1948
|
148,013
|
24.9
|
9.8
|
15.1
|
3.03
|
8.217822
|
1949
|
149,336
|
24.5
|
9.7
|
14.8
|
3.04
|
8.059211
|
1950
|
151,861
|
24.1
|
9.6
|
14.5
|
3.03
|
7.953795
|
1951
|
154,056
|
24.8
|
9.6
|
15.2
|
3.2
|
7.75
|
1952
|
156,431
|
25
|
9.6
|
15.4
|
3.3
|
7.575758
|
1953
|
159,047
|
25.2
|
9.1
|
16.1
|
3.36
|
7.5
|
1954
|
161,948
|
24.8
|
9.3
|
15.5
|
3.48
|
7.126437
|
1955
|
163,476
|
25
|
9.3
|
14.3
|
3.52
|
7.102273
|
1956
|
166,578
|
25.1
|
9.3
|
15.8
|
3.63
|
6.914601
|
1957
|
169,637
|
25.3
|
9.5
|
15.8
|
3.71
|
6.819407
|
1958
|
172,668
|
24.4
|
9.5
|
14.9
|
3.65
|
6.684932
|
1959
|
175,642
|
24
|
9.4
|
14.7
|
3.66
|
6.557377
|
1960
|
179,979
|
23.7
|
9.5
|
14.1
|
3.65
|
6.493151
|
1961
|
182,992
|
23.3
|
9.3
|
14
|
3.62
|
6.436464
|
1962
|
185,771
|
22.4
|
9.5
|
12.9
|
3.46
|
6.473988
|
1963
|
188,483
|
21.7
|
9.6
|
12.1
|
3.32
|
6.536145
|
1964
|
191,141
|
21.1
|
9.4
|
11.7
|
3.19
|
6.61442
|
1965
|
193,526
|
19.4
|
9.5
|
9.9
|
2.91
|
6.666667
|
1966
|
195,576
|
18.4
|
9.5
|
8.9
|
2.72
|
6.764706
|
1967
|
197,457
|
17.8
|
9.4
|
8.4
|
2.56
|
6.953125
|
1968
|
199,399
|
17.6
|
9.7
|
7.9
|
2.46
|
7.154472
|
1969
|
201,385
|
17.9
|
9.5
|
8.4
|
2.46
|
7.276423
|
1970
|
203,984
|
18.4
|
9.4
|
9
|
2.48
|
7.419355
|
1971
|
206,827
|
17.2
|
9.3
|
7.9
|
2.266
|
7.590468
|
1972
|
209,284
|
15.6
|
9.4
|
6.2
|
2.01
|
7.761194
|
1973
|
211,357
|
14.8
|
9.5
|
5.3
|
1.879
|
7.87653
|
1974
|
213,342
|
14.8
|
9.1
|
5.7
|
1.835
|
8.065395
|
1975
|
215,465
|
14.6
|
8.8
|
5.8
|
1.774
|
8.229989
|
1976
|
217,563
|
14.6
|
8.8
|
5.8
|
1.738
|
8.40046
|
1977
|
219,760
|
15.1
|
8.6
|
6.5
|
1.789
|
8.44047
|
1978
|
222,095
|
15
|
8.7
|
6.3
|
1.76
|
8.522727
|
1979
|
224,567
|
15.6
|
8.5
|
7.1
|
1.808
|
8.628319
|
1980
|
227,225
|
15.9
|
8.8
|
7.1
|
1.839
|
8.646003
|
1981
|
229,466
|
15.8
|
8.6
|
7.2
|
1.812
|
8.719647
|
1982
|
231,664
|
15.9
|
8.5
|
7.4
|
1.827
|
8.702791
|
1983
|
233,792
|
15.6
|
8.6
|
6.9
|
1.799
|
8.671484
|
1984
|
235,825
|
15.6
|
8.6
|
6.9
|
1.806
|
8.637874
|
1985
|
237,924
|
15.8
|
8.8
|
7
|
1.844
|
8.56833
|
1986
|
240,133
|
15.6
|
8.8
|
6.9
|
1.837
|
8.492107
|
1987
|
242,289
|
15.7
|
8.8
|
7
|
1.872
|
8.386752
|
1988
|
244,499
|
16
|
8.9
|
7.1
|
1.934
|
8.273009
|
1989
|
246,819
|
16.4
|
8.7
|
7.7
|
2.014
|
8.142999
|
1990
|
249,623
|
16.7
|
8.6
|
8.1
|
2.081
|
8.024988
|
1991
|
252,981
|
16.2
|
8.6
|
7.7
|
2.062
|
7.85645
|
1992
|
256,514
|
15.8
|
8.5
|
7.4
|
2.046
|
7.722385
|
1993
|
259,919
|
15.4
|
8.7
|
6.7
|
2.019
|
7.627538
|
1994
|
263,126
|
15
|
8.7
|
6.4
|
2.001
|
7.496252
|
1995
|
266,278
|
14.6
|
8.7
|
6
|
1.978
|
7.381193
|
1996
|
269,394
|
14.4
|
8.6
|
5.9
|
1.976
|
7.287449
|
1997
|
272,647
|
14.2
|
8.5
|
5.7
|
1.971
|
7.204465
|
1998
|
275,854
|
14.3
|
8.5
|
5.8
|
1.999
|
7.153577
|
1999
|
279,040
|
14.2
|
8.6
|
5.6
|
2.007
|
7.075237
|
2000
|
282,172
|
14.4
|
8.5
|
5.9
|
2.056
|
7.003891
|
2001
|
285,082
|
14.1
|
8.5
|
5.6
|
2.03
|
6.945813
|
2002
|
287,804
|
14
|
8.5
|
5.5
|
2.02
|
6.930693
|
2003
|
290,326
|
14.1
|
8.4
|
5.5
|
2.047
|
6.888129
|
2004
|
293,046
|
14
|
8.2
|
5.9
|
2.051
|
6.825939
|
2005
|
295,753
|
14
|
8.3
|
5.7
|
2.057
|
6.806028
|
2006
|
298,593
|
14.3
|
8.1
|
6.2
|
2.108
|
6.783681
|
2007
|
301,580
|
14.3
|
8
|
6.3
|
2.12
|
6.745283
|
2008
|
304,375
|
14
|
8.1
|
5.9
|
2.072
|
6.756757
|
2009
|
307,007
|
13.5
|
7.9
|
5.6
|
2.002
|
6.743257
|
2010
|
309,330
|
13
|
8
|
5
|
1.931
|
6.732263
|
2011
|
|
12.7
|
8.1
|
4.6
|
1.894
|
6.705385
|
2012 [42]
|
|
12.6
|
8.1
|
4.5
|
1.88
|
6.702128
|
2013
|
|
12.5
|
|
|
1.869
|
6.688068
|
|
|
|
|
|
总和
|
603.41
|
|
|
|
|
|
79年
|
79
|
|
|
|
|
|
平均
|
7.638102
|
|