Writer:

(born 1958) is an American journalist from California. He is best known from his reporting in Mexico and on Mexicans in the United States. He was a reporter for the Los Angeles Times from 2004 to 2014.

In 2013, he took a leave of absence from the paper to work on his book Dreamland about the opioid epidemic in America, focusing on abuse of prescription painkillers such as Oxycontin and the spread of Mexican black-tar heroin, primarily by men from the town of Xalisco, Nayarit.(R.1)

Story:

In 1929, in the blue-collar city of Portsmouth, Ohio, a company built a swimming pool the size of a football field; named Dreamland, it became the vital center of the community. Now, addiction has devastated Portsmouth, as it has hundreds of small rural towns and suburbs across America—addiction like no other the country has ever faced. How that happened is the riveting story of Dreamland.

With a great reporters narrative skill and the storytelling ability of a novelist, acclaimed journalist Sam Quinones weaves together two classic tales of capitalism run amok whose unintentional collision has been catastrophic. The unfettered prescribing of pain medications during the 1990s reached its peak in Purdue Pharmas campaign to market OxyContin, its new, expensive—and extremely addictive—miracle painkiller. Meanwhile a massive influx of black tar heroin—cheap, potent, and originating from one small county on Mexicos west coast, independent of any drug cartel—assaulted small towns and midsized cities across the country, driven by a brilliant, almost unbeatable marketing and distribution system. Together these phenomena continue to lay waste to communities from Tennessee to Oregon, Indiana to New Mexico.

Introducing a memorable cast of characters—pharma pioneers, young Mexican entrepreneurs, narcotics investigators, survivors, and parents—Quinones shows how these tales fit together. Dreamland is a revelatory account of the corrosive threat facing America and its heartland.(R.6)

Highlights vs self- reflection:

1.p.303: We came to this safe city and we’re doing everything society’s asked us to do and yet here we’re burying our kids

2.p.303: Nobody can do it on their own, but no drug dealer, nor cartel, can stand against families, schools, churches and communities united together.”

3.p.281:..So for many years, when they were caught they were deported and faced little jail time, and no prison time…catch and release looked more like an invitation.

4.P.39 Morphine molecule resisted being turned into glucose and it stayed in the body.

Golden Sentence:

1.p.282: It’s almost like you were trying to stop drinking coffee with a Starbucks on every corner.

2.p.345: Back to that place called Dreamland.

3.p.353:So there are even times when I think I’m right-that perhaps heroin is the most important force for positive change in our country today.

Conclusion:

1.      The rise of OxyContin addiction and subsequent heroin use has been much in the news lately as we try to make sense of what is happening in suburban and small town America. Sam Quinones’ Dreamland takes a multifaceted approach to the subject, profiling people from all walks of life, ranging from citizens of impoverished Mexican ranchos to young affluent white athletes, all cogs in the wheel of the latest drug epidemic. Unlike the crack cocaine phenomenon of the 1980s, today’s widespread opiate addiction has roots in the prescription pads of certified physicians and the marketing machine of Big Pharma. When the addict, forced by availability and economics, transitions to heroin he is met by a new breed of entrepreneurial drug dealers who are only too happy to take calls and make deliveries. The changing landscape of small town America, along with science, opportunity, shame, and of course greed, all play a role here and to see the puzzle come together, one comprehensible piece at a time, is as fascinating as it is unsettling.-- Seira Wilson

2.      P.156:Doctors prescribed those drugs. The other truth, though, is that opiates were all most patients in southern Ohio by then. P.160: Procter, meanwhile, gained the DEA’s attention. The agency launced an investigation into Plaza Healthcare. Procter pleaded guilty to conspiring to distribute prescription medication; the he fled to Canada with a Cincinnati bail bondswoman who was neither his wife nor his mistress, a few days before h was to be sentenced. They wer4e captured at the Canadian border with forty thousand dollars and plane tickets to the Cayman Islands. His lawyer, Gary”Rocky” Billiter, aided the excape.It seems to me the addicted are the scapegoat of the society.

3.      P.157: He was losing all control, manipulating damaged and addicted women for sex. The society pay for the tuition!

4.      Honesty is the best policy. Sam shows us the great honest that we need to learn from it.

5.      Fentanyl has been used as a legal efficient pill which is also 50 times deadly than heroin. What’s the deadline between pill and drug, all depend on the doctors and businessmen’s ethics and citizen’s awareness.

6.      Fentanyl also imported from China or Mexico. And sell to the whites in USA. Who will be the scapegoat? Government or citizens?

7.      In USA, they help the overdosers find better lawyer ,the victims’ parents support group, get a shorter time re-education training and consultants. Except that, here in Taiwan, we have a Sunny Farm where the overdosers grow products by helping others. It’s a good way to learn though.

8.  Striving for the external answers, we need to dig down onto our       inner world. All the inner peace is rooted from the simple nature       food.

9.   Poverty is the evil to pull us to the devil.

Drealand Questions by Clive:

Dreamland: The True Tale of Americas Opiate Epidemic by journalist Sam Quinones shows you how dealers from rural, ranchero Mexico completely transformed opioid usage in the United States. He goes into detail how big pharmaceuticals (especially Purdue) pushed prescription opioids was also crucial in converting many users to heroin. This is a powerful and transformational read. In bold on the back of the book, it says, "A book every American should read" and I cant help but agree with them. “Overdose deaths involving opiates rose from ten a day in 1999 to one every half hour by 2012.” 

The Morphine Molecule in America 2012 or so:

“American kids a world away had enormous quantities of the world’s resources lavished on them to little result’ they coasted along, doing the bare minimum and depending on their parents to resolve problems, big and small.” Pg 6

Paul and Ellen Schoonover are dealing with the grief and guilt after their son, Matt, died of a heroin overdose. They believed people who lived in tents under the freeways used heroin, not kids who grew up attending private Christian schools. Pg 7

 “Later I met other parents whose children were still alive, but who had shape­shifted into lying, thieving slaves to an unseen molecule. These parents feared each night the call that their child was dead in a McDonald’s bathroom. They went broke paying for rehab, and collect calls from jail. They moved to where no one knew their shame.” Pg 9

In more rural towns in America, the work was becoming more taxing on the body and worker’s compensation/disability was skyrocketing. One doctor, David Proctor, helped to process many claims: “At Portsmith’s small Southern Hills Hospital, where Proctor had privileges, nurses remembered him as the top admitter to the psych ward ­ mostly in an attempt to make patients eligible for disability.” Proctor was also an early and aggressive adopter at prescribing opiates for all types of pain. Pg 25

Proctor prescribed Randy OxyContin after he got into a fight with an inmate at the prison he worked at: “”Looking back on it, {the injury} was nothing was warranted that harsh of a drug…” Thirty days later, Randy figured he was better and didn’t return to Proctor for a refill. Soon he was gripped by what he thought was the worst flu of his life. He ached, couldn’t get out of bed, had diarrhea, and was throwing up. He talked to some friends. One suggested he might be going through withdrawal.” Pg 26

 In the 1970s, methadone clinics opened up in America: “methadone… was the only opiate whose addicts did not demand increasing doses every few hours… Methadone addicts could actually discuss topics unrelated to dope. This was not true of heroin addicts, whom Doles found tediously single­minded in their focus on the drug… these clinics showed how a narcotic might be dispensed legally in a safe, crime­free environment. Methadone stabilized an addict and allowed him to find a job and repair damaged relationships.” Pg 63

Many addicts were arrested and sent to prison at “The Farm.” There they were used as lab tests for different drugs (this was where Methadone research was conducted). The inmates would volunteer to participate since they were given dope. Pg 78

WHO: “It claimed freedom from pain as a universal human right… If a patient said he was in pain, doctors should believe him and prescribe accordingly… Worldwide morphine consumption began to climb… But a strange thing happened.

Use didn’t rise in the developing world, which might reasonably be viewed as the region in the most acute pain. Instead, the wealthiest countries, with 20 percent of the world’s population, came to consume almost all ­ more than 90 percent ­ of the world’s morphine.” Pg 82

It was believed in America that we were undertreating pain: “A 2001 survey of a thousand people living at home with pain due to a medical condition reported: Half couldn’t remember what it felt like to not be in pain, 40 percent said pain was a constant, and 22 percent said they suffered severe pain. Only 13 percent had seen a pain specialist.” Pg 95 The Recovery Association Project noticed in the 1990s that detox patients had dramatically fallen. They wondered how they’d be in business until they started seeing many, new young people in their clinic: “We were used to seeing forty­year­old addicts at the detox center. Then we were seeing 23 year old old heroin addicts. This was 1994, 1995. We’d been detoxing heroin addicts for years, but it was always pretty stable: five to ten percent of our patients. Then it went up. By 1996 to ‘97, it was over fifty percent heroin.” Pg 116

 Gary Oxman started looking into death certificates. They found that autopsy physicians had different ways of describing heroin overdoses: “The numbers had been growing steadily, hidden in the tall weeds of inconsistent language.” Pg 119

 “If heroin was the perfect drug for drug traffickers, OxyContin was ideal for these pill mill doctors… First, it was a pharmaceutically produced pill with a legal medicinal use; second, it created addicts, and not just among those who looked to abuse it, but among many who came in search of pain relief. Every patient who was prescribed the drug stood a chance of needing it every day… That meant a monthly ­visit fee from every patient ­ $250 usually. And that kept waiting rooms full and cash rolling in.”

Pg 155 Back to Doctor David Proctor: “Three women reported they repeatedly had sex with Proctor in his office at his insistence in exchange for prescriptions… On some days, he saw patients for ninety seconds at a time, and issued 46,000 controlled­ substance prescriptions ­ for a total of 2.3 million pills ­ in nine months.” Pg 259

Previous to the heroin boom, “each dead junkie had been viewed as one less problem.” Pg 169 Doctor Nathaniel Katz: “There’s not a shred of research on the issue. All these so­-called experts in pain are dedicated and have been training me that opioids aren’t as addictive as we thought. But what is that based on?” Pg 189 “Overdose deaths involving opiates rose from ten a day in 1999 to one every half hour by 2012.” Pg 190 Joe Hale filed the first wrongful death lawsuit against Purdue Pharma: “Purdue Pharma has unleashed a pharmaceutical atomic bomb into the free flow of commerce with absolutely disastrous consequences that they should have foreseen.” Pg 201

Jaymie Mai started noticing how these drugs were used for pain. She dug in and found that people were regularly dying when their original compliant had simply been a sprained ankle, etc. Pg 203 Over the next two years, she dug into the data and published a paper detailing workers compensation patients definitely, probably, or possibly dying from opiate overdoses. Pg 204

“A black market in urine emerged, in which the fluid was exchanged like water in the desert. Addicts bought false bladders they strapped to their stomachs with tubes leading down into their pants… Kids’ urine was coveted for its purity and was worth an Oxy 40 in Portsmouth.” Pg 213 Ed Socie noticed that poisoning deaths were climbing in Ohio in 2005: “Sitting at his desk one day, Socie saw that deaths coded for unintentional injury were heading up. He dug further and found that most were coded as accidental poisonings.” Pg 248

 “As heroin and OxyContin addiction consumed the children of America’s white middle class, parents hid the truth and fought the scourge alone. “When your kid’s dying from a brain tumor or leukemia, the whole community shows up,” said the mother of two addicts. “ They bring casseroles. They pray for you. They send you cards. When your kids on heroin, you don’t hear from anybody, until they die. Then everybody comes and they don’t know what to say.” Pg 290

Footballers were hit hard on the OxyContin path. They sustained injuries and needed to keep the pain at bay to keep playing. Pg 292 VHA Multidisciplinary Pain Clinics: physical therapy, acupuncture, massage, social workers aid, psychological counselors aid. Pg 308 The Science / Background Behind the Morphine Molecule “Like no other particle on earth, the morphine molecule seemed to possess heaven and hell. It allowed for modern surgery, saving and improving too many lives to count. It stunted and ended too many lives to count with addiction and overdose.” Pg 36

The use of OxyContin by middle­ and upper-­class white people led to widespread use of heroin. It changed the market ­­ it was no longer just older addicts using the drug. Pg 91 The FDA let Oxy­Contin claim on the bottle that it had a lower potential for abuse due to the time releasing formula. Pg 126 Purdue Pharma pleaded guilty to “misbranding” OxyContin and paid a 634.5 million dollar fine. Pg 267 The Xalisco Boys of Nayarit Ranchos were villages on the outskirts of civilization. Throughout history, rancheros had moved to the outback to escape the towns’ stifling classism. They formed outposts and tried to carve a living from tough land that no one else wanted. Rancheros embodied Mexico’s best pioneering embrace. They were dedicated to escaping poverty, usually by finding a way to be their own bosses.” Pg 20 The Xalisco traffickers spent as little money in America as possible as their dream was generally to move back to Mexico to build larges houses and provide for their families. Pg 46 Enrique’s uncles had him running the business: “roll the heroin into balloons, take calls, direct drivers on the street. The phone rang all day until he shut it down at eight P.M. As he turned 15, he was taking orders for five thousand dollars’ worth of heroin a day.” Pg 49

The first Xalisco migrants landed in the San Fernando Valley of California illegally working jobs in construction, restaurants, etc. Back in Xalisco Mexico, sons didn’t want to continue working in the sugarcane fields and saw that heroin was a prosperous business and left. Opium grew really well with their climate and they perfected the art of creating black tar heroin which was easy to conceal as the quantities were small and were extremely potent. Pg 59 The Xalisco boys didn’t want to interfere with street gangs so they took their business off the street and started a call service ­ they gave out a phone number to addicts and were told a meeting place. An added benefit to this plan? It was less noticeable to the police. Pg 61

They used heroin users to help them expand beyond their own Nayarit connections. Pg 62 The Xalisco boys found and targeted Methadone clinics. Pg 64 The Xalisco network used just-in-time supply to avoid large police busts. This made their operation look small and less sophisticated. If drivers were caught, charges were always light since the drivers were never found with large quantities of the drug. Pg 69 The Xalisco heroin was tested by the FBI and came up 80 percent pure. Most street heroin was about 12 percent pure (it’s most likely been sold a 6 or 7 times and diluted each time). Pg 120

The Xalisco boys were specifically told to steer clear of black people and only sell to white people. Pg 163 Operation Tar Pit: 182 people were arrested in a dozen U.S. cities. Pg 182

 “One Albuquerque addict told me this story: He called his Xalisco dealer, who he considered his friend, to say he was going to rehab. Good idea, the dealer said. This stuff’s killing you. An hour later the dealer was at the addict’s door with free heroin. Now that you’re quitting, the dealer said, here’s a going ­away present as a way of saying thanks for your business. The addict kept using.

A woman in Columbus told me her dealer welcomed her home from jail with a care package of several balloons of tar heroin to get her using again.” Pg 224 Pedro, a Xaslisco driver: “ To most of ranchero Mexico, Chiva was a disgusting thing… when my brother went up north, my mother was saying I don’t know how you sell that garbage. But when she saw the money she was very happy.”

Pg 260 Operation Black Gold Rush: 138 arrests of the Sanchez clan in fifteen U.S. cities: “That said, federal court looked like a hospital ward. Junkies throwing up, sweating, and falling off their benches… Marshalls rushed doctors to court. Several junkies had arraignment postponed because they weren’t fit to understand the judge.” Pg 262

Discussion Questions

1.      How did the morphine molecule take over America in such a short time period?

(1)    Drug is a bait for fame, fortune and future

(2)    P.37”In Mexico, I gained new appreciation of what American means to a poor person limited by his own humble origins. I took great pride that America had turned more poor Mexicans into members of the middle class than had Mexico.

2.      “Addicts and pain patients were two different things.” Pg 109 Discuss.

(1)p.109:”With addicts, their quality of life goes down as they use drugs..with pain patients, it improves. They are entirely different phenomena.

(2)Use of opiates, meanwhile, changed medical thinking. Usually, a patient demanding ever-higher doses of a drug would be proof that the drug wasn’t working. But in opiate pain treatment, it was taken as proof that the doctor hadn’t yet prescribed enough. Indeed, some doctors came to believe that a pain patient demending higher doses was likely to be exhibiting signs of “pseudoaddiction.” For pain patients, it assumed as the signs of “pseudoaddiction.”, but for addicts, it assumed as the signs of addiction

3.      How did Purdue go about marketing Oxy­Contin? What conflicts of interest did the doctors encounter?

(1)p.126:”Up to then, pain patients spent most of their day thinking about pain. Or the pills they needed every two to four hours to keep it at bay.Clock watching, it was called. Two OxyContin a day was better. That became a main selling point. The advantage was hardly trivial . Two pills a day allowed a pain patient’s life to recommence. Painkiller or mankiller? Business profit or recommence welfare?

4.      How has society changed its view of heroin use/users? Does the demographic change in heroin users have anything to do with that changed view?

(1)p.306:”JCAHO(Joint Commission for Accreditation of Healthcare Organazations) was now promoting multidisciplinary approaches to pain, including more healthy behavior, psychological support, and non-opiate medications, along with the education of patients on the addiction risks of opiates.

(2)Vicodin and similar drugs would no longer be prescribed without a word as to what they contained.

5.      Has this research changed your level of trust in doctors? What about pharmaceutical reps/companies?

(1)p.330:”Nobody can do it on their own. But no drug dealer, nor cartel, can stand against families, schools, churches, and communities united together.”

(2) No wonder Trump wanna build the Mexicao Wall to defend the Drug Cartels.

6.      How are pills used as a form of currency?

(1)p.276:“four or five drug courts like his could be founded with a one-penny tax on every prescription opiate pill sold in Tennessee. Some four hundred million of the pills were prescribed annually to a state of six million people”.

(2) P.43: All these guys running around Denver selling black tar heroin are from this town of Xalisco, or a few small villages near there, the informant told Chavez. Their success is based on a system they’ve learned. It’s a system for selling heroin retail. Their system is a simple thing. Really, and relies on cheap, illegal Mexican labor, just the way any fast-food joint does….Think of it like a fast-food franchise, the informant said, like a pizza delivery service. Each heroin cell or franchise has an owner in Xalisco, Nayarit, who supplies the cell with heroin. The owner doesn’t often come to the United States. He communicates only with the cell manager, who lives in Denver and runs the business for him.

(3) p.45:The Xalisco cells never deal with African Americans. They don’t sell to black people; nor do they buy from blacks, who they fear will rob them. They sell almost exclusively to whites.

(4)p.44:The system operates on certain principles, the informant said, and the Nayarit traffickers don’t violate them. The cells compete with each other, but competing drivers know each other from back home, so they’re never violent. They never carry guns. They work hard at blending in. None of the workers use the drug. The cell owner pays each driver a salary. Drivers are encouraged to offer special deals to addicts to drum up business. Cell profits were based on the markup inherent in retail.

(5)p.46:Denver became a Xalisco hub as their operation expanded, and probably no cop in America learned more about them than Dennis chavez

(6)p.280:But in time she saw the cells’ connections to Nayarit and to each other, how they stretched from Portland across the West and out to Columbus and the Carolinas. Now she called the whole thing Corporation Heroin.

(7)p.28:Sackler watched medicine change radically during the postwar years. Scientific advances were allowing companies to produce life-altering drugs-antibiotics and vaccines in particular. It was an effervescent time, though less so for medical advertising, which remained plodding and gray even as the new drugs it promoted were changing the world.

(8)p.153:Dr. David Procter regularly prescribed Valium, Vicodin, the sedative Soma, Xanax, and a steady regimen of Redux diet pills-all with almost no diagnosis or suggestions for other treatment, such as physical therapy. Nor was there any discussion of improving diet as a way to lose weight and reduce pain. Many years in deindustrialized America sees vulnerable people and manipulative people who used drugs and the government dole to navigate economic disaster had corroded any medical ethics Procter once possessed.

(9)P.156:Doctors prescribed those drugs. The other truth, though, is that opiates were all most patients in southern Ohio by then. P.160: Procter, meanwhile, gained the DEA’s attention. The agency launced an investigation into Plaza Healthcare. Procter pleaded guilty to conspiring to distribute prescription medication; the he fled to Canada with a Cincinnati bail bondswoman who was neither his wife nor his mistress, a few days before h was to be sentenced. They wer4e captured at the Canadian border with forty thousand dollars and plane tickets to the Cayman Islands. His lawyer, Gary”Rocky” Billiter, aided the excape.It seems to me the addicted are the scapegoat of the society.

(10)P.157: He was losing all control, manipulating damaged and addicted women for sex. The society pay for the tuition!

(11)p.78:The CPDD set up a laboratory at the University of Virginia to create these new drugs, a place where drug addicts were in ready and hug supply.

(12)p.303:Five years after I stood on the that Ohio River bank in Huntington, west Virginia, wondering what I was onto, the victims of America’s opiate scourge had emerged from the shadow and the silence. They were from the back alleys of New York City and William Burroughs’s Junky. It was even, I discovered as my story wound down, in the upscale pseudo-Spnaish subdivsions of terra-cota tile and palm trees in Southern California not far from where I lived. Especially there

(13)P.291:Many new athlete-addicts were not from poor towns where sports might be a ticket out for a lucky few. The places where opiate addictions settled hard were often middle-and upper middle –class.

(14)p.285: Each was a headache for a businessman who already had to make sure that his runners-eighteen-to twenty-five-year-old males most of them-didn’t use the product they were selling. With each cell phone Sandoval confiscated, the crew chief had to reconstitute his client list, thougth soon the cells began keeping master lists of client’s phone numbers-on a computer somewhere in Nayarit, Sandoval figured.

7.      How can we, as a society, increase treatment time over prison time?

(1)p.286: Sixteen thousand a year opiate overdosers.

(2) Survive, secure, success, significant, Education is the best issue

(3) 3.p.281:..So for many years, when they were caught they were deported and faced little jail time, and no prison time…catch and release looked more like an invitation.

(4)p.273:Most of the country’s twenty-eight hundred drug courts are set up to divert drug abusers away from jail and prison and into treatment somewhere.

(5)p.273: Seth Norman runs the only drug court in America that is physically attached to a long-term residential treatment center.

(6)p.288:SOLACE, a group for parents mourning the loss of children to opiates, became the first parent antidrug organization to grow from the opiated epidemic’s ground zero.

(7)p.255:Nobody thinks those things are of value. Talk therapy is reimbursed at fifteen dollars an hour.. But for me to stick a needle in you I can get eight hundred to five thousand dollars. The system values things that aren’t only not helpful but sometimes hurtful to patients. Science has shown things to have worked and the insurance companies won’t pay for them.

(8)p.262:Authorities shipped him to prison. There he studied for his GED, at twenty-five cents an hour, and passed. He also worked as a prison landscaper and cook, making twenty-there dollars a month. By the time he was released, he had made nine hundred dollars-almost what he had made selling heroin.

8.      Can we compare Taiwan and the USA when it comes to drugs and addiction?

(1)    Taiwan is 60 thousand a year

(2)     13.7% USA(3 billion people) drug abusers(39million). Taiwan(23million) 0.2%(60 thousand)

(3)    In Taiwan, we help the drug abusers run an organic farm

Florence’s remarks:

We have much gratitude to Clive and Theresa for their wonderful lead for us to probe the dark side of narco- world, which tell us how the underground drug culture of addition surged like wildfire with the complicity of the medical profession and big pharma and the unprecedented spread of the heroin addiction throughout the United States over the past two decades.  We feel we are blessed in the civilized  world compared to those who are suffering in the opiate addiction families.

Thanks to Clive, you always give us some different topics that we are seldom to find out and understand.  We are also very glad to announce we have one new member, Cathy Chang,  joins our group in this month, we hope her participation can give us  more vital energies.  We still expect Cathie Derys back to our group if she can be free now. I think we can use line to talk now or phone skype without the computer.

Time flies like an arrow, this year is coming to the end, we will start to find new books for our reading group.

Related Reading:

1.       Sam Quinones: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Quinones

2.       Xzlisco: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xalisco

3.       Nayarit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayarit

4.       Portsmouth: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_Ohio

5.       Dreamland: https://www.amazon.com/Dreamland-True-Americas-Opiate-Epidemic/dp/1511336404

6.       Dreamland Review: https://www.amazon.com/Dreamland-True-Americas-Opiate-Epidemic/product-reviews/1620402521

7.       Trump’s Mexico Wall Would be a Gift to the Drug Cartels: https://edition.cnn.com/2018/01/08/opinions/border-wall-cartels-trump-opinion-driver/index.html

8.       Taiwan drug abusers: https://udn.com/news/story/7315/3311139

9.       USA drug abusers: https://wenku.baidu.com/view/8f78daf169dc5022aaea00c6.html

10.    Taiwan and USA drug abusers percentage: file:///C:/Users/Administrator/Downloads/%E3%80%8A%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81%E6%B0%BE%E6%BF%AB%E6%83%85%E5%BD%A2%E4%B9%8B%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%80%8B.pdf

11.    Denver: https://www.google.com.tw/maps/place/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%A7%91%E7%BE%85%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%9E%E4%B8%B9%E4%BD%9B/@33.416311,-106.4399229,5z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x876b80aa231f17cf:0x118ef4f8278a36d6!8m2!3d39.7392358!4d-104.990251

12.    Sunny farm: https://bnwinfor.com/2018/04/10/%E7%A6%8F%E6%99%BA%E8%A8%B1%E6%9C%89%E5%8B%9D%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%A7%E5%93%A5%E3%80%8D%E6%88%92%E6%AF%92%E5%81%9A%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F-%E6%8E%A5%E7%B4%8D%E6%9B%B4%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%BA/

13.    “Human Power “ https://youtu.be/C7jadtT4BDc

14.    Fentanyl: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl

15.    Fentanyl is more deadly than heroin: https://www.forbes.com/sites/alicegwalton/2016/04/09/why-fentanyl-is-so-much-more-deadly-than-heroin/#7e0bf7407f6a