現代心理分析有關「憂鬱」的論述最早源起於佛洛伊德一九一七年＜悲傷與憂鬱＞的論文，他認為憂鬱的形成源於原初客體的失落，而這無法抹滅的創傷遂遁入潛意識，造成殘害自我的心理機制。克萊恩也以此客體理論提出「憂鬱心理位置」的觀念，一種嬰兒與母親分離的焦躁與無力感，使得自我掙扎於部分客體與完整客體之間的游離狀態。克麗斯特娃在《黑太陽》提出憂鬱是一種與死亡驅力結合的「自戀憂鬱」，它使主體陷於虛無的泥濘中，而這種無名的悲傷，必須透過可辨識的語言系統來昇華，亦即必須透過認同想像的父親的心理機制，才能與外界溝通。巴特勒在《權力的精神生活》中檢視「性別憂鬱」的概念，她表示性別認同的過程是憂鬱內化的過程，亦即將那失落客體的性別內化到自我的潛意識中，拒絕自己曾被拒絕的雙重否定。從佛洛伊德到巴特勒「憂鬱」的客體精神分析系譜，透過失落客體與自體的辯證關係，使人們了解那壓抑且不可言說的禁忌之戀。本研究擬將「憂鬱」的精神分析探討引申至文化論述的面向，藉以了解原初客體的豐饒想像與壓抑匱乏之間的矛盾，同時以此方向重新思考克萊恩對前伊底帕斯時期「母親空間」的觀點，在這交叉辯證中，希望釐清憂鬱書寫的成因究竟是出自女性主義式的尋找自主空間的書寫形式，或者只是出自男性對於女人身體閹割的一種補償的想像。從佛洛伊德討論主體與客體因失落所引起的憂鬱症狀，切入克萊恩的「憂鬱的心理位置」、克麗斯特娃的「自戀的憂鬱」與巴特勒「性別憂鬱」等三種不同層次的「憂鬱」心理機制，希冀整合成「憂鬱」的精神分析系譜，並據此解析應運而生的文化現象及文學文本。

關鍵字：客體、失落、性別憂鬱、憂鬱心理位置、自戀憂鬱

英文摘要

     In his 1917 article “Mourning and Melancholia,” Sigmund Freud contends that in the melancholia, there is the identification with the lost object involving unconscious components that provokes a loss of self-regard. Based on the same mode of Freudian object-relations theory, Melanie Klein develops her idea of “Depressive Position,” in which the infant becomes aware of separateness from the mother, and this anxiety forces the infant to realize the increasing nearness of good and bad that brings a corresponding integration of ego. Julia Kristeva, in her book Black Sun, uses the term melancholia to refer to the “Narcissistic Depression” embedded with features of death drive that leads to a threat of the loss of subjectivity. For Kristeva, melancholia is to be located in the prospect of severance with the mother. However, putting the sad mood to work in the symbolic realm is a way to identify with the imaginary father who could help the subject to sublimate his/her chaotic semiotic process. In Judith Bulter’s The Psychic Life of Power, she explains a political account of the formation of the subject. “Gender Melancholia” is a term that she invented to explore a concept of the cultural ideal that a woman performs normative femininity by rejecting same-sex pleasure. It is also a kind of melancholia where the subject experiences normative gender performativity as a lost ideal. In this study, I examine links among “Depressive Position,” “Narcissistic Depression,” “Gender Melancholia” rooted in the role of loss of the object in the process of the formation of subjectivity development. Building on the work of Freud, Klein, Kristeva, and Butler, I describe some of the psychological losses inherent in the object-relations and propose that many important phenomena in the area of gender and sexuality can be illuminated from this research of a mapping of genealogy of “melancholia.”   

   Keywords: object, loss, gender melancholia, depressive position, narcissistic melancholia