An Academic Analysis of The Lord of the Rings in Fantasy Literature / Chen Qingyang

Abstract
This paper focuses on J.R.R. Tolkien’s classic fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings, centering on its structural features, narrative patterns, thematic exploration, and literary value. The paper first analyzes from a structural perspective how The Lord of the Rings integrates the "Hero’s Journey" with "Epic Narrative," and, through multi-threaded development and ring composition (Ring Composition), demonstrates a vast worldview and ensemble of characters. Frodo’s expedition embodies the hero’s model of departure, adventure, and return, while characters such as Aragorn, Samwise Gamgee, and Gandalf respectively carry symbolic roles of politics, loyalty, and wisdom, constructing a multilayered narrative network.

Secondly, the paper delves into its core themes, including the dichotomy of good and evil, the corruptive nature of power, the dialectic between fate and free will, friendship and loyalty, sacrifice and redemption, as well as the tension between nature and industrialization. The One Ring, as a symbol of absolute power, reveals how power can corrupt the human heart; the journey of Frodo and Sam highlights the courage and loyalty of ordinary individuals. Gollum’s inner conflict and fall further expose human vulnerability and the possibility of redemption.

In terms of narrative technique, The Lord of the Rings employs omniscient narration combined with multiple focalization, giving the text both epic scope and personal emotional depth. The flexible shifts in perspective allow readers to simultaneously comprehend the full panorama of war and the psychological struggles of individuals, balancing macro-level historical depth with micro-level emotional tension.

Finally, this paper points out that the artistic achievement of The Lord of the Rings lies in its exquisite world-building, complex symbolic meanings, and exploration of universal themes. Its influence on subsequent fantasy literature is profound, not only establishing the paradigm for modern fantasy novels but also pushing fantasy literature into the mainstream of literary and commercial culture. In summary, The Lord of the Rings is not merely a fantasy novel but an epic classic embodying philosophical reflection and cultural value.

Keywords
Hero’s Journey / Hero’s Journey
Epic Narrative / Epic Narrative
Power and Corruption / Power and Corruption
Free Will and Fate / Free Will and Fate
World-Building / World-Building

I. A Classic Work of Fantasy Fiction

The Lord of the Rings is a classic fantasy novel series created by British author J.R.R. Tolkien (J.R.R. Tolkien). The series was originally planned as a single complete work but was published in three volumes:

• The Fellowship of the Ring
• The Two Towers
• The Return of the King

Each volume was further divided into two books, with accompanying background information and appendices. The entire work is divided into six parts:

1. I: The Return of the Shadow
2. II: The Fellowship of the Ring
3. III: The Treason of Isengard
4. IV: The Journey to Mordor
5. V: The War of the Ring
6. VI: The End of the Third Age

II. Story Structure Types

J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings is a classic fantasy novel whose structural type integrates the Hero’s Journey and Epic Narrative, supplemented by multiple storylines and symbolic dualism. Below is a detailed analysis of its structure:

1. Overall Structure: The Hero’s Journey

The primary narrative of The Lord of the Rings follows the "Hero’s Journey" model proposed by Joseph Campbell (Joseph Campbell)(Note 1), in which the protagonist departs from the ordinary world, undergoes trials, ultimately fulfills the mission, and returns home.

(1) Departure
Frodo lives a peaceful life in the Shire until Gandalf reveals the secret of the Ring, compelling him to embark on a journey. After Bilbo’s birthday party, he is entrusted with carrying the One Ring. Upon the formation of The Fellowship of the Ring, he leaves Rivendell and sets out toward Mount Doom.

(2) Initiation
The members of the Fellowship face multiple trials, such as crossing Moria, Gandalf’s battle with the Balrog, the Siege of Minas Tirith, and battlefield sacrifices. Frodo and Sam confront the Nazgûl, Gollum’s betrayal, and Sauron’s persistent threats, symbolizing the hardships of hero growth.

(3) Return
Frodo ultimately reaches Mount Doom and destroys the Ring, but he is unable to return to his former life, choosing instead to depart Middle-earth for the Grey Havens. His growth and transformation allow him to transcend his original world, yet he cannot return to his former tranquility.

2. Epic Narrative

The Lord of the Rings employs an epic narrative structure, featuring the following characteristics:

(1) Vast Worldview and History
Middle-earth includes multiple races (Elves, Dwarves, Humans, Hobbits, Orcs, etc.) and a long history (First, Second, and Third Ages). Wars throughout the novel, such as the "War of the Ring," represent more than mere battles; they embody a macro-narrative of the struggle between good and evil.

(2) Parallel Storylines

• Primary storyline: Frodo and Sam carry the Ring toward Mount Doom.
• Second primary storyline: Aragorn, Legolas, Gimli, and others resist Sauron on the western front.
• Third primary storyline: Gandalf plans and leads humans to unite against Sauron.

3. Ensemble Character Depiction

Each character has an independent growth arc, such as:

(1) Frodo: From an innocent, naive Hobbit to a hero bearing immense responsibility.
(2) Sam: The most loyal companion, evolving from follower to brave protector.
(3) Aragorn: From a wandering ranger to the King of Gondor.
(4) Gandalf: From Grey Wizard to White Wizard, symbolizing the elevation of wisdom.

4. Symbolic Dualism in Structure

Tolkien constructs multiple layers of opposition in the novel’s structure, including:

(1) Light vs. Darkness
The Shire symbolizes peace and innocence, contrasting with Mordor’s darkness and destruction.
Elves represent ancient wisdom, while Sauron and his minions symbolize corruptive power.

(2) Free Will vs. Fate
Frodo’s choices demonstrate the struggle of free will, while the Ring represents the bondage of desire and fate.
The contrast between Gollum and Frodo highlights the unpredictability of fate; ultimately, Gollum’s fall ensures the Ring’s destruction.

(3) Corruption vs. Purity
The Ring corrupts its bearers, such as Sauron, Gollum, and Boromir, yet Frodo and Sam demonstrate resilience and purity, resisting the Ring’s temptation.

5. Narrative Patterns of The Lord of the Rings

The trilogy uses a ring composition structure (Ring Composition):

• The Fellowship of the Ring: Mission setup, formation of the Fellowship, introduction of the worldview. The ending splits the Fellowship into multiple storylines.
• The Two Towers: Employs multi-threaded storytelling, following Aragorn’s team, Frodo’s team, and Rohan’s battles. The structure is symmetrical; characters influence each other but undergo different trials.
• The Return of the King: All storylines converge, culminating in the climax of war and the destruction of the Ring. The narrative ends with the return home and a lingering farewell, forming a complete closed loop.

Conclusion

The structural types of The Lord of the Rings integrate the following core frameworks:

• Hero’s Journey — Frodo’s growth and trials
• Epic Narrative — Vast world, ensemble characters, and war epic
• Multiple Storylines — Parallel development after the Fellowship’s split
• Symbolic Dualism — Light vs. Darkness, Free Will vs. Fate, Corruption vs. Purity

These structures interweave, making The Lord of the Rings not merely a fantasy novel but a literary classic imbued with epic qualities.

3. Themes of Concern

J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings, as a classic work of fantasy literature, profoundly explores multiple themes, covering the struggle between good and evil, the trials of human nature, the corrupting influence of power, fate versus free will, friendship and loyalty, sacrifice and redemption, as well as nature versus industrialization. The following is a detailed analysis of these themes:

1. The Struggle Between Good and Evil

The central story of The Lord of the Rings revolves around the ultimate confrontation between good and evil. However, unlike traditional binary oppositions, Tolkien demonstrates complex moral choices on multiple levels:

(1) Absolute forces of darkness: Sauron
As the creator of the One Ring, Sauron symbolizes an endless destructive power and the desire for control, representing pure evil. His goal is to dominate all of Middle-earth, erasing all freedom and individuality.
Sauron himself does not appear directly, but is manifested through his minions—such as the Nazgûl, Orcs, and Saruman—enhancing the theme of “invisible terror.”

(2) The dark side of human nature: the temptation of the Ring
The One Ring is not only Sauron’s weapon but also a mirror reflecting human nature.
Many characters fall to its temptation, such as Boromir and Gollum, and even Gandalf and Galadriel admit they cannot resist the Ring’s corrupting influence.
This shows that evil does not exist solely in the enemy but is also part of every person’s inner self.

(3) Not merely a binary opposition
Gollum is an important example: he is both Frodo’s enemy and a crucial figure who aids Frodo’s progress, ultimately playing a role in the destruction of the Ring through a series of unintended circumstances.
This intertwining of good and evil demonstrates Tolkien’s understanding of the complexity of human nature.

2. The Corrupting Influence of Power

One of the most significant core themes of The Lord of the Rings is how power can corrupt the soul. The Ring itself is a symbol of absolute power: “The Ring grants power, but will ultimately destroy its bearer.”
Anyone who possesses the Ring is affected by it, even if their intentions are good.
Boromir hopes to use the Ring to defend Gondor, but he is ultimately driven by desire.
Gollum, obsessed with the Ring, transforms from an ordinary Hobbit into a twisted creature.

(1) Desire for power and moral testing
Characters such as Gandalf and Galadriel, though powerful, choose to refuse the Ring because they know they cannot resist its temptation.
This emphasizes that true wisdom lies not in possessing power but in knowing how to reject it.

(2) Frodo’s failure and Sam’s purity
At Mount Doom, Frodo ultimately cannot destroy the Ring by his own will and is controlled by it.
However, Sam remains unaffected by the Ring, demonstrating that true strength lies not in holding power, but in purity and goodness of heart.

3. Fate vs. Free Will

The Lord of the Rings explores the relationship between destiny and personal choice:

(1) Prophecy and destiny
Frodo’s journey seems predestined; he is “chosen” to destroy the Ring. Aragorn is also destined to inherit the throne of Gondor. But Tolkien emphasizes that despite destiny, the final choice rests with the individual.

(2) Exhibition of free will
Frodo could have chosen not to leave the Shire, yet he accepts the mission.
Gollum occasionally displays acts of goodness, showing he still possesses free will, although he is ultimately corrupted by the Ring.
“Even the smallest person can change the course of history.” — Tolkien emphasizes that individual choices can influence the world.

4. Friendship and Loyalty

In The Lord of the Rings, friendship and loyalty are crucial forces in overcoming darkness:

(1) Sam and Frodo
Sam is the most important support in Frodo’s journey, never abandoning him and eventually carrying Frodo up Mount Doom. Their relationship symbolizes that true friendship transcends suffering and temptation, supporting one toward the light.

(2) The Fellowship’s camaraderie
Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli establish deep bonds across racial divides, demonstrating that unity can overcome prejudice. Their relationships represent how cooperation among different races can bring hope.

5. Sacrifice and Redemption

(1) Frodo’s sacrifice
Frodo ultimately cannot return to an ordinary life; his sacrifice is both physical and spiritual.
His suffering symbolizes the cost of heroism.

(2) Gollum’s redemption
Despite his corruption, Gollum plays a decisive role in the destruction of the Ring.
Tolkien suggests that even the darkest souls can find redemption in unexpected ways.

6. Nature vs. Industrialization

Tolkien expresses reverence for nature and criticizes industrialization’s destruction of the natural world:

(1) The Shire vs. Mordor
The Shire symbolizes pastoral, idyllic natural life, whereas Mordor is a wasteland ravaged by industry.
This reflects Tolkien’s concern about modern industrialization’s damage to nature.

(2) Saruman’s fall
Saruman, originally a wise wizard, turns toward industry and machinery, ultimately becoming Sauron’s minion.
His tower, Orthanc, symbolizes the cold ruthlessness of industrialization.
Tolkien emphasizes: technology should not dominate nature, lest it ultimately bring destruction.

Summary: Core Themes

Theme	Main Manifestation
Struggle between Good and Evil	Temptation of the Ring, Sauron vs. Free Peoples
Corrupting Influence of Power	The Ring’s influence, Boromir’s fall, Frodo’s struggle
Fate vs. Free Will	Frodo’s choices, Gollum’s struggle
Friendship and Loyalty	Sam’s loyalty to Frodo, Fellowship cooperation
Sacrifice and Redemption	Frodo’s fate, Gollum’s role
Nature vs. Industrialization	The Shire vs. Mordor, Saruman’s fall

Conclusion
The Lord of the Rings is not only a fantasy novel but also an epic exploring human nature, power, friendship, sacrifice, and hope. Through metaphor, symbolism, and character development, Tolkien demonstrates profound insight into human society, making it an irreplaceable classic in literary history.

4. Analysis of Narrative Person and Perspective

J.R.R. Tolkien employs a third-person omniscient narrative (Third-Person Omniscient), combined with multiple focalization (Multiple Focalization), in The Lord of the Rings, enhancing the breadth and depth of narration. The following is a detailed analysis of its narrative structure:

1. Narrative Person: Third-Person Omniscient

(1) Narrator without specific character identity
The primary narration of The Lord of the Rings is omniscient; the narrator is not a character in the story but an all-knowing external observer. Tolkien narrates the history, culture, wars, and racial relations of Middle-earth from a macro perspective, freely entering the minds of different characters.

(2) Narrator possesses all information
Tolkien’s narrator can not only describe characters’ actions but also access their thoughts and reveal their psychological states. For example:

• During Frodo’s journey, readers can understand his fear, pain, and the Ring’s temptation.
• When the story shifts to Gondor or Rohan, the narrator can switch to perspectives of Aragorn, Gandalf, and others, allowing readers to see a broader view of the war.
• Even when Sauron does not appear directly, the narrator can depict his influence, e.g., showing his evil through the fear instilled by Ringwraiths.

(3) Narrator conveys historicity and epic tone
The Lord of the Rings is essentially Tolkien’s “Middle-earth mythology.” Thus, the narrator often carries an epic tone, like a bard recounting ancient legends.
For example: when describing the War of the Ring, the narrator not only recounts events but frequently inserts Middle-earth’s legends, songs, and poems, enhancing historical depth and cultural resonance.

2. Perspective Pattern: Multiple Focalization

(1) Primary perspective: Frodo Baggins
Frodo is the central figure of the Fellowship’s quest, and most plot perspectives focus on him.
His perspective highlights themes of personal growth, moral struggle, and the Ring’s corruption.
In later parts of the story (e.g., the journey through Mordor), readers primarily follow his inner world, experiencing his suffering, the Ring’s influence, and ultimate psychological collapse.

(2) Secondary perspectives: Fellowship members

• Samwise Gamgee: His perspective is especially crucial; when Frodo struggles physically and mentally, Sam’s steadfast belief provides narrative support.
• Gandalf: As a symbol of wisdom and strategy, Gandalf’s perspective reveals the macro layout of the war.
• Aragorn: Representing the restoration of kingship, his perspective often relates to politics, warfare, and leadership responsibility.
• Legolas and Gimli: Their interactions provide perspectives on racial integration, enhancing narrative diversity.

(3) Perspectives away from the Fellowship

• Merry and Pippin: When acting separately, their perspectives reveal the battles in Rohan and Gondor, adding dimensionality to the story.
• Saruman: Although not a primary perspective character, his schemes and fall are presented through observations by Gandalf or other characters.
• Gollum: His psychological depiction is vital, representing the Ring’s corrupting influence; his perspective gives readers an in-depth understanding of the Ring’s danger.

(4) Perspective switching in battle scenes
In war sequences (e.g., the Battle of Helm’s Deep, the Battle of the Pelennor Fields), Tolkien switches perspectives among multiple characters:

• To show the overall changes in battle (e.g., through Aragorn’s and Gandalf’s viewpoints).
• To convey personal heroism or sacrifice (e.g., through Éomer or King Théoden).
  This multi-angle switching enhances immersion in battle while maintaining the story’s pacing.

3. Narrative Function of Perspective

(1) Enhancing character development
With each character possessing a unique worldview and thought process, perspective switching allows Tolkien to create a multidimensional cast. Examples:

• Frodo’s struggle (good vs. evil)
• Sam’s loyalty (friendship and sacrifice)
• Aragorn’s growth (hero’s journey)
• Gollum’s twisted psychology (Ring corruption)

(2) Balancing epic scope with personal emotion
Omniscient perspective covers vast wars, history, and racial conflicts.
Localized focal perspectives allow readers to empathize with characters, experiencing their fear, hope, and suffering.

(3) Enhancing plot tension
Since the Fellowship splits during the journey, Tolkien uses multiple storylines, letting readers follow different fronts simultaneously:

• Frodo and Sam → Journey through Mordor
• Aragorn, Gandalf, etc. → Wars of Gondor and Rohan
• Merry, Pippin → Political struggles in Rohan and Gondor
  This pacing maintains narrative tension and increases reader anticipation.

4. Relation of Narrative Style to Traditional Epic

Tolkien’s narrative style is deeply influenced by Norse mythology and epic literature, similar to works like Homer’s Iliad and Beowulf:
(1) Omniscient perspective covering a vast world.
(2) Perspective switching among characters, infusing epic with personal emotion.
(3) Integration of poetry, legend, and history, enhancing the story’s legendary feel.

5. Summary: Features of Narrative Person and Perspective

Narrative Feature	Specific Expression	Function
Narrative Person	Third-Person Omniscient	Provides a broad worldview and sense of history
Primary Perspective	Frodo	Immerses readers in the hardships of the Ring’s journey
Secondary Perspectives	Sam, Aragorn, Gandalf, etc.	Allows multiple storylines, increasing dimensionality
Battle Scenes	Multi-perspective switching	Provides overall war view and individual hero perspectives
Gollum’s Psychological Perspective	Reflects the Ring’s temptation	Emphasizes the corrupting nature of power
Function of Perspective Switching	Balances epic scope and personal emotion	Enhances plot tension, increases reader immersion

Tolkien, through omniscient narration combined with multiple focal perspectives, successfully creates a fantasy classic that possesses both epic grandeur and character depth, making The Lord of the Rings a benchmark of modern fantasy literature.

V. Analysis of Story Plots

(1) The First Volume: 《魔戒現身》 (The Fellowship of the Ring)

1. Introduction - Beginning
In the Shire, Bilbo Baggins holds a grand birthday party, and after the party, he uses the One Ring to disappear and immediately leaves the Shire, leaving the Ring to his nephew, Frodo Baggins.
Gandalf discovers the true identity of the Ring—the One Ring—and warns Frodo that Sauron is sending the Ringwraiths to seek it.
Frodo decides to leave the Shire, taking his servant Sam and friends Merry and Pippin on a journey, to prevent the Ring from falling into enemy hands.

2. Development
Frodo and his companions flee the Shire and meet the mysterious ranger Aragorn ("Strider") in Bree Village. Under his escort, they travel to Rivendell.
At Weathertop, the Ringwraiths attack the group; Frodo is injured but is fortunately saved by the elf Arwen.
They arrive at Rivendell, where Elrond, the elven lord, convenes a council to discuss how to handle the One Ring.
The council decides to form the Fellowship of the Ring, which includes Frodo, Sam, Merry, Pippin, Aragorn, Gandalf, Legolas, Gimli, and Boromir—nine members in total.

3. Turning Point
The Fellowship attempts to cross the Misty Mountains but is blocked by a storm, forcing them to detour through the Mines of Moria.
In Moria, they encounter Orcs and the Balrog; Gandalf fights the Balrog and falls into the abyss, leaving the Fellowship without a leader.
The remaining members reach Lothlórien, where Queen Galadriel gifts them presents and guides them to continue their journey.

4. Conflict
The Fellowship arrives at the Anduin River, but internal tensions rise. Boromir, tempted by the Ring, attempts to seize it.
Frodo realizes that the Ring is corrupting his companions and resolves to go to Mordor alone to destroy it.
Sam, unwilling to abandon Frodo, follows him secretly, and the two leave the Fellowship.

5. Climax + Suspense
The Fellowship is attacked by Uruk-hai; Merry and Pippin are captured, and Boromir dies fighting to save them.
Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli decide to abandon the search for Frodo and instead rescue Merry and Pippin.
Frodo and Sam set out on the road to Mordor, facing unknown dangers alone.

6. Resolution + Twist or Cliffhanger
The Fellowship disbands, with members taking different paths, marking the story's progression to the next stage.
Frodo and Sam travel to Mordor alone, while Gollum secretly follows them, laying a foreshadowing for subsequent events.

Summary
The Fellowship of the Ring, as the opening volume of the trilogy, establishes the main characters, the threat of the Ring, and the mission of the Fellowship. The ending, with the disbandment of the Fellowship and Frodo’s solitary journey, heightens suspense and urgency, laying the foundation for the continuation of the story.

(2) Analysis of 《雙塔奇兵》 (The Two Towers)

1. Introduction - Beginning
The Fellowship is divided:
Frodo and Sam head to Mordor alone and encounter Gollum, forcing him to guide them.
Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli pursue Merry and Pippin, who have been captured by the Uruk-hai.
Boromir dies in battle, but his body is buried in the rivers of Gondor.

2. Development
Merry and Pippin successfully escape and meet the Ents in Fangorn Forest, who are persuaded to fight against Saruman.
Aragorn and his companions track the Uruk-hai and encounter Faramir, son of the Steward of Gondor.
Gandalf is reborn as "Gandalf the White" and joins Aragorn’s group, leading them to Rohan.
Rohan faces a crisis: King Théoden is manipulated by Saruman and is in a weakened state, while the counselor Gríma Wormtongue cunningly controls the kingdom.
Gandalf expels Wormtongue; Théoden regains his senses and decides to lead the army to retreat to Helm’s Deep for defense.

3. Turning Point
The Battle of Helm's Deep: Saruman sends a massive army against Rohan; King Théoden leads the troops in defense.
Gandalf departs to seek reinforcements, leaving Aragorn and the Rohirrim soldiers to struggle within the fortress.
The Ents attack Isengard, devastating Saruman’s forces.
Gandalf leads the Rohan reinforcements to the battlefield; the tide of battle reverses, and Rohan achieves victory.

4. Conflict
Guided by Gollum, Frodo and Sam cross the Dead Marshes and enter the borders of Mordor.
Faramir discovers that Frodo holds the Ring and wishes to take it to Gondor but ultimately gives up.
Gollum plans to betray Frodo, luring him into the lair of Shelob the giant spider to kill him.

5. Climax + Suspense
The Ents capture Isengard, destroying Saruman’s tower, Orthanc.
Gandalf confronts Saruman, breaking his staff and stripping him of his identity as a white wizard.
Frodo encounters Shelob, is paralyzed by her venom, and falls unconscious. Sam mistakenly believes Frodo is dead and decides to complete the mission alone.

6. Resolution + Twist or Cliffhanger
Saruman is thoroughly defeated, but Gríma remains, hinting at future consequences.
Sam discovers Frodo is alive but has been captured by Orcs, leaving suspense in the plot.
The fates of the Fellowship members diverge, setting the stage for the final battle in The Return of the King.

Summary
The Two Towers continues the story of the Fellowship, deepening conflicts as the divided parties face individual challenges. The battlefield victories (Isengard, Helm’s Deep) contrast sharply with Frodo’s peril, amplifying the stakes for the final volume, The Return of the King.

(3) The Third Volume: 《王者歸來》 (The Return of the King)

1. Introduction - Beginning
Gandalf and Pippin go to Minas Tirith (the capital of Gondor) to warn Steward Denethor that Mordor is about to launch a full-scale war.
Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli take the Paths of the Dead to summon the Army of the Dead to help Gondor fight Sauron.
Sam searches for Frodo alone, finds him imprisoned by Orcs, and successfully rescues him.
Sauron’s army gathers, preparing to besiege Gondor.

2. Development
The Battle of the Pelennor Fields (Defense of Gondor) erupts as Mordor’s forces assault Minas Tirith.
Rohan’s reinforcements arrive; King Théoden leads the cavalry in a charge, breaking the enemy lines.
The Witch-king (leader of the Ringwraiths) defeats Théoden but is killed by Éowyn and Merry together.
Denethor, in despair, attempts to burn himself alive, while Pippin manages to save Faramir.
Aragorn leads the Army of the Dead onto the battlefield, completely defeating Mordor’s forces.

3. Turning Point
Aragorn unleashes the Army of the Dead, reclaims his kingship, and leads a march on Mordor as a diversion to draw Sauron’s attention.
Frodo and Sam traverse the wastelands of Mordor, using disguises to evade Orcs, approaching Mount Doom.
Gollum follows them, waiting for an opportunity to reclaim the Ring.

4. Conflict
Aragorn leads the Gondor and Rohan forces toward the Black Gate of Mordor to distract Sauron and buy Frodo time.
Frodo reaches Mount Doom, but the Ring’s power is too strong for him to actively destroy it.
Gollum suddenly attacks, biting off Frodo’s finger and reclaiming the Ring.

5. Climax + Suspense
Gollum, in ecstasy, accidentally falls into the lava of Mount Doom, destroying the Ring.
Sauron’s dark tower Barad-dûr collapses, the Ringwraiths are annihilated, and Mordor’s army disbands and flees.
Frodo and Sam are surrounded by volcanic lava, nearly at despair, but are ultimately rescued by the Great Eagles.

6. Resolution + Twist or Cliffhanger
Aragorn is formally crowned King of Gondor and marries Arwen.
Merry and Pippin return to the Shire, resuming normal life, but are no longer the carefree youths they once were.
Frodo, haunted by trauma, cannot find peace in Middle-earth and eventually departs with Gandalf, Bilbo, and others to the Undying Lands, symbolizing the end of his journey.
Sam returns home, reuniting with his wife and children, bringing the story to a close.

Summary
The Return of the King, the final volume of the trilogy, focuses on the ultimate battle and the destruction of the Ring, highlighting themes of sacrifice, friendship, hope, and redemption. The climax is tense: Frodo is unable to destroy the Ring himself, and Gollum’s accidental actions ultimately bring about Sauron’s demise, reflecting the paradox of fate and destiny. The ending is both sorrowful and hopeful; Frodo’s departure marks the conclusion of the hero’s journey, while Middle-earth begins a new chapter in its history.

VI. Film and Television Adaptations

The Lord of the Rings series, since its release, has achieved great literary success and has been adapted multiple times into films and television, becoming a global cultural icon. Below is a detailed summary of the adaptations of the Lord of the Rings series:

1. Novel Series
The Lord of the Rings Trilogy (J.R.R. Tolkien)

• The Fellowship of the Ring (The Fellowship of the Ring) (1954)
• The Two Towers (The Two Towers) (1954)
• The Return of the King (The Return of the King) (1955)

The trilogy, written by J.R.R. Tolkien, is an epic fantasy novel series that tells the story of the Ring and its bearers. The books include the history, languages, races, and cultures of Middle-earth, establishing a foundation for modern fantasy literature.

2. Film Series

(1) Peter Jackson’s The Lord of the Rings film trilogy

• The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
• The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
• The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)

These films, directed by Peter Jackson, are adaptations of Tolkien’s novels. The movies used cutting-edge cinematic techniques at the time, featuring spectacular visual effects and action sequences. Released globally from 2001 to 2003, they achieved massive success, winning numerous awards, including 11 Oscars, with The Return of the King winning Best Picture.

(2) Features of the Films:
A. Visual Effects and Makeup:
The films employed innovative CGI technology and makeup techniques (e.g., the design of Gollum, the masks for elves and Orcs) to realize the visual effects of the fantasy world.

B. Cast:
Key actors include Elijah Wood (Frodo), Viggo Mortensen (Aragorn), Sean Bean (Boromir), Ian McKellen (Gandalf), and Liv Tyler (Arwen).

C. Music:
The film score, composed by Howard Shore, is considered one of the most influential in film history.

The Hobbit Trilogy, also directed by Peter Jackson and adapted from Tolkien’s The Hobbit, primarily tells Bilbo Baggins’ adventure but intersects with the Lord of the Rings trilogy, providing additional context for the Middle-earth universe:

• The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012)
• The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2013)
• The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (2014)

These films expanded the story, connecting events and characters from The Hobbit to the Lord of the Rings, enriching the fan experience.

3. Television Series

• The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power (2022)
  Produced by Amazon Studios, this series is based on the lore of Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings, set in the Second Age, before the events of the trilogy in the Third Age.
  The plot involves the forging of the Rings of Power, the rise of Sauron, and detailed histories of elves, dwarves, Númenor, and other races.
  Cast includes Morfydd Clark as young Galadriel.
  While adapted, the series aims to remain faithful to Tolkien’s vision of Middle-earth, with an epic and grand narrative.

4. Animated Films
Besides live-action adaptations, the series has had multiple animated versions:

• The Lord of the Rings (1978), directed by Ralph Bakshi, adapted the first volume and part of the second but did not fully cover the trilogy.
• The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (1978), directed by Jess Harter, completed certain parts of the second volume but did not achieve the same impact as Bakshi’s version.

5. Other Media and Game Adaptations

• Video games: e.g., The Lord of the Rings: Middle-earth Strategy, The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring, depicting battles, adventures, and key characters.
• Stage plays: e.g., The Lord of the Rings: The Stage Play (2007), toured in some countries.

Summary
Through films, television, and other media, the Lord of the Rings series successfully presents Tolkien’s fantasy world to global audiences. Both Peter Jackson’s film trilogy and Amazon’s series provide fans with rich storytelling experiences, establishing a landmark in modern fantasy culture.

VII. Artistic Achievements of the Lord of the Rings Novels

The Lord of the Rings series not only achieved tremendous literary success but is also acclaimed as a pinnacle of modern fantasy literature. Through its vast world-building and philosophical depth, it captivated countless readers and influenced subsequent fantasy works. Below is an analysis of its main artistic achievements:

1. Achievement in World-Building
A notable accomplishment of The Lord of the Rings is its intricate, complete, and detailed world-building. Tolkien created a vast Middle-earth, giving each race, region, culture, and language unique characteristics. The world includes rich historical backgrounds, myths, legends, and complex inter-racial relationships.

(1) Languages and Culture: Tolkien, a philologist, created multiple languages for different races (elves, dwarves, humans, hobbits, etc.) and endowed them with unique cultural backgrounds. For example, the Elvish languages Sindarin and Quenya, and the "Black Speech," demonstrate Tolkien’s linguistic expertise. Language is not only a communication tool but reflects each race’s history, values, and identity.

(2) Geography and History: Tolkien designed detailed geographical maps (e.g., Mordor, the Shire, Rohan), with each place shaped by its races and events. The novels also establish complex historical timelines, giving Middle-earth a sense of authentic history.

(3) Mythology and Religion: The Lord of the Rings incorporates gods, demigods, and heroes, blending classical mythological elements. Characters like Eru Ilúvatar, Melkor, and Manwë enrich Middle-earth with symbolic and moral conflicts.

2. Depth and Universality of Themes
The series explores profound themes relevant to readers of all eras, influencing later fantasy literature and cultural works.

(1) Power and Corruption: The Ring symbolizes the allure and corruption of power, inspiring selfish desires that lead to disaster. Through different characters’ fates—Frodo, Gandalf, Gollum—Tolkien explores power’s impact on individuals and society.

(2) Courage and Sacrifice: Even ordinary hobbits can demonstrate extraordinary courage and selfless sacrifice. Characters like Frodo, Sam, and Aragorn assume critical responsibilities, willingly risking themselves to save the world, emphasizing duty and teamwork.

(3) Nature and Humanity: Nature is central to Tolkien’s work. Many races (e.g., elves) and locations (e.g., Lothlórien) embody the beauty and mystery of nature. Tolkien conveys respect and reverence for life and the environment, advocating harmony between humans and nature.

(4) The Struggle Between Good and Evil: The theme pervades the series. The Ring represents evil temptation; resisting it signifies purity and virtue. Characters confront both external enemies (Sauron, Saruman) and internal darkness, reflecting complex moral choices.

3. Characterization and Psychological Depth
Tolkien’s characters are vivid, complex, with rich inner worlds, developmental arcs, and moral decisions.

(1) Multi-dimensional Characters: Each character has distinctive personalities and motivations. Frodo, a humble hobbit, embodies resilience and innocence; Aragorn, as a royal heir, bears responsibility while facing inner conflict; Gandalf, the wise, demonstrates intellect and compassion; Gollum reflects the corrosive effect of evil on the mind.

(2) Growth and Transformation: Tolkien shows characters’ psychological evolution. Frodo matures from a naive youth to a hero bearing immense responsibility, persisting in his mission despite the Ring’s corruption. Gollum’s transformation illustrates the corruptive power of desire, ultimately leading to his tragic end.

4. Narrative Structure and Artistry
(1) Non-linear narrative and multiple parallel storylines: The novels interweave multiple perspectives and timelines. In The Fellowship of the Ring, Frodo’s journey, Aragorn’s identity revelation, and Gandalf’s confrontation with Saruman gradually intersect, adding depth.

(2) Symbolism and Metaphor: Tolkien skillfully employs symbolism and metaphor. The Ring symbolizes corrupting power; elves represent purity and ideals; Gollum embodies greed and moral decay. These elements deepen the philosophical resonance of the work.

(3) Detailed emotional and scenic depiction: Tolkien’s prose is poetic and vivid, conveying strong emotions through landscapes and character experiences, from the tranquility of the Shire to the desolation of Mordor.

5. Influence on Later Generations
(1) Impact on fantasy literature: The Lord of the Rings, as a foundational work, influenced many fantasy authors, including C.S. Lewis, George R.R. Martin, and J.K. Rowling. Its world-building, characterization, and adventure storytelling served as inspiration.

(2) Commercialization of fantasy literature: The series’ success marked the commercial rise of fantasy, becoming a global cultural phenomenon with films, games, and stage adaptations.

Summary
The artistic achievements of the Lord of the Rings novels lie not only in expansive world-building and intricate story structure but also in profound thematic exploration, psychological depth, and unique literary style. Tolkien created a timeless fantasy world and set a benchmark for future fantasy literature, leaving a lasting global cultural and literary legacy.

VIII. Contributions and Influence on Contemporary Fantasy Novels
The Lord of the Rings series has had profound and multidimensional contributions and influences on contemporary fantasy literature. Tolkien’s works not only transformed the landscape of fantasy literature but also shaped many fundamental structural elements in subsequent fantasy novels, promoting the flourishing of the entire literary genre. The following outlines the main contributions and influences of The Lord of the Rings on contemporary fantasy novels:

1. Standardization of World-Building
The Lord of the Rings, with its meticulous world-building, became a model for contemporary fantasy novels. Tolkien, by creating a fictional world with complete history, culture, languages, geography, and races, elevated the depth and complexity of fantasy world-building to an unprecedented level. This rigorous approach to world-building not only became the standard for later fantasy novels but also inspired countless authors to create fictional worlds similar to Middle-earth.

(1) Historical Background and Racial Settings: The Middle-earth of The Lord of the Rings possesses detailed historical background, mythology, and culture. Tolkien designed unique languages, customs, and social structures for different races. Later fantasy writers such as George R.R. Martin (A Song of Ice and Fire) and J.K. Rowling (Harry Potter series) drew on this tradition in their own works, creating complex worlds with multiple races and cultures.

(2) Linguistics and Cultural Settings: Tolkien’s background in linguistics made the language system in The Lord of the Rings particularly realistic and unique. Subsequent fantasy works often design distinct languages or dialects, such as the High Valyrian in A Song of Ice and Fire, and even the various alien languages in the Star Wars films, reflecting Tolkien’s influence.

2. Characterization and Character Arcs
Tolkien created numerous profound and complex characters, who not only possess distinct personalities but also have unique growth trajectories and internal conflicts. This nuanced character development became an important feature of later fantasy works.

(1) Multidimensional Characters: Characters in The Lord of the Rings are not merely heroes or villains but complex individuals with deep-seated contradictions and psychological conflicts. For example, Frodo must confront not only external evil forces but also the internal corruption brought by the Ring; Gollum is a complex antagonist, combining malice with a tragic personality. The creation of such complex characters became a defining feature of many contemporary fantasy novels.

(2) Character Growth Arcs: Many subsequent fantasy works center on character development, especially stories in which the protagonist grows from an ordinary person into a hero. This tradition continues in works such as Harry Potter and A Song of Ice and Fire, where protagonists undergo profound internal struggles and transformation, reflecting Tolkien’s intricate design of character arcs.

3. Depth of Themes
Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings is not merely an adventure novel; it deeply explores philosophical issues such as power, responsibility, sacrifice, and human nature. These themes provide a rich intellectual resource for subsequent fantasy works.

(1) Power and Corruption: Through the Ring as a symbol, The Lord of the Rings explores the temptation and corruption of power, becoming a central theme in many fantasy novels. Later works, such as George R.R. Martin’s A Song of Ice and Fire, directly draw on this theme, with power struggles forming the core focus of the series.

(2) The Struggle Between Good and Evil: In Tolkien’s works, the confrontation between good and evil is not only external but also internal. This theme remains common in later fantasy literature, with many works focusing on the conflict between good and evil and the gray areas therein, as seen in the complex characters of A Song of Ice and Fire, showcasing the intertwined layers of human morality.

(3) Sacrifice and Courage: Tolkien’s heroes are often ordinary individuals who demonstrate extraordinary courage through immense personal sacrifice. Later fantasy works, such as the Harry Potter series, also emphasize the importance of personal sacrifice and teamwork.

4. Adventure Narrative Structure and Parallel Plotlines
The Lord of the Rings employs a complex narrative structure, including multiple parallel plotlines and alternating perspectives. This structure provided rich creative techniques for later fantasy novels.

(1) Multi-Line Narratives: The Lord of the Rings narrates the story through multiple interwoven plotlines, presenting the adventures of several characters in different locations. This structure influenced many fantasy works, especially A Song of Ice and Fire, whose complex multi-line narrative has become a hallmark of the series.

(2) Collective Heroism: The Lord of the Rings emphasizes the importance of teamwork rather than solely individual heroism. The interplay of multiple plotlines and characters demonstrates a concept of collective heroism, influencing later fantasy works, such as the spirit of collaboration in Harry Potter.

5. Magic System Design
The Middle-earth created by Tolkien has a unique magical system; magic is not merely supernatural power but is closely tied to character, culture, and history. This magical system has had a profound influence on subsequent fantasy novels.

(1) Magic and Nature: Tolkien’s magic is often associated with nature, ancient forces, and history, with characters such as Elves and Wizards embodying these forces. This concept of magic influenced many later works, particularly the “return of magic” in A Song of Ice and Fire and the magical system in the Harry Potter series.

(2) Magic and Morality: In The Lord of the Rings, magic is often related to moral or philosophical choices, with the Ring itself symbolizing power and temptation. Tolkien’s moral framing of magic influenced later works, where the use of magic is closely tied to characters’ virtues, decisions, and destinies.

6. Promotion of Commercialization and Popularization of Fantasy Literature
The success of The Lord of the Rings not only elevated the status of fantasy literature but also promoted its commercialization and popularization.

(1) Cultural Phenomenon: The Lord of the Rings is not merely a novel but a cultural phenomenon. Tolkien’s works influenced films, TV shows, games, and other media. For example, Peter Jackson’s The Lord of the Rings film trilogy brought the original works to a global audience, further promoting the cultural presence of fantasy literature.

(2) Industrialization: Following the success of The Lord of the Rings, fantasy novels gradually entered the mainstream literary market, driving commercial development. Subsequent series such as Harry Potter and A Song of Ice and Fire also achieved tremendous commercial success, establishing fantasy literature as a commercially viable global cultural genre.

Summary
The Lord of the Rings series is not only a foundational work of fantasy literature but also a benchmark for contemporary fantasy novels. Through refined world-building, profound thematic exploration, complex characterization, and multi-line narrative structure, it has influenced countless authors and works. Tolkien set many standards for later fantasy literature, including the design of magical systems, emotional conflicts among characters, and construction of historical backgrounds, all of which have become indispensable elements of contemporary fantasy novels. The Lord of the Rings not only created an irreplaceable fantasy world but also laid the foundation for the global popularization and industrialization of fantasy literature.

Note: Joseph Campbell’s “Hero’s Journey” Model
Joseph Campbell, in his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949), proposed the “Hero’s Journey” model, a common narrative structure describing myths, legends, epics, and modern storytelling. Campbell believed that hero stories around the world share a basic pattern, divided into three major stages (Departure, Initiation, Return) and seventeen steps (later simplified into twelve steps by researchers such as Christopher Vogler).

Three Major Stages & Seventeen Steps

I. Departure – The Hero Leaves the Familiar World
The hero’s journey begins in an ordinary world and is then called to embark on an unknown adventure.

• The Ordinary World: The hero’s story begins in a mundane world where they live and grow, possibly facing challenges but remaining in familiar surroundings.
  Example: In Harry Potter, Harry lives under the oppressive environment of the Dursleys.
• The Call to Adventure: Some external event, person, or fate summons the hero into the unknown world, usually involving challenges, quests, or missions.
  Example: Harry receives his acceptance letter to Hogwarts.
• Refusal of the Call: The hero may hesitate due to fear, uncertainty, or responsibility, reluctant to leave their comfort zone.
  Example: Frodo (The Lord of the Rings) initially fears taking on the Ring.
• Meeting the Mentor: The hero meets a mentor or guide (such as a wise figure, wizard, or elder), gaining wisdom, tools, or training to face challenges.
  Example: Gandalf guides Frodo; Dumbledore guides Harry.
• Crossing the First Threshold: The hero commits and enters the unknown world, often blocked by a guardian.
  Example: Neo (The Matrix) chooses the red pill to enter the real world.
• Belly of the Whale: The hero enters a completely new environment, may experience initial failures, symbolizing death and rebirth.
  Example: Jonas (The Giver) leaves his community to enter the unknown world.

II. Initiation – The Hero Grows Through Trials
In the unfamiliar world, the hero faces trials, gains allies, confronts enemies, and ultimately grows.

• Tests, Allies, and Enemies: The hero makes friends, faces enemies, undergoes various trials, and learns survival.
  Example: Harry befriends Ron and Hermione and confronts Voldemort’s followers.
• Approach to the Inmost Cave: The hero nears the core of the ultimate challenge, often accompanied by mental or physical tests.
  Example: Frodo approaches Mount Doom; Harry enters the Chamber of Secrets.
• The Ordeal: The hero faces their greatest fear or a life-threatening challenge, undergoing a “death and rebirth” test.
  Example: Luke Skywalker confronts Darth Vader and learns self-control.
• The Reward: The hero overcomes the ordeal and gains a treasure, knowledge, or new ability, tangible (e.g., Holy Grail, sword) or symbolic (e.g., wisdom, love).
  Example: Percy Jackson finds Zeus’ lightning bolt; Harry obtains the Philosopher’s Stone.

III. Return – The Hero Brings Wisdom Back
The hero completes the quest but must return to the ordinary world, undergoing transformation.

• The Road Back: The hero must return to the ordinary world, possibly facing final challenges or antagonists.
  Example: Frodo still faces Sauron’s final attack after destroying the Ring.
• Resurrection: The hero undergoes a final trial before returning, achieving complete transformation.
  Example: Neo accepts his role as the “Savior” and defeats Agent Smith.
• Return with the Elixir: The hero brings back the “treasure” of the journey (knowledge, magic, power, reconciliation), benefiting the world or personal growth.
  Example: Harry eliminates part of Voldemort’s soul and matures into a true wizard.

Christopher Vogler’s Twelve Steps of the Hero’s Journey
Screenwriter Christopher Vogler simplified Campbell’s theory into twelve steps, widely used in modern film and novel narratives:

1. The Ordinary World
2. The Call to Adventure
3. Refusal of the Call
4. Meeting the Mentor
5. Crossing the Threshold
6. Tests, Allies, Enemies
7. Approach to the Inmost Cave
8. The Ordeal
9. The Reward
10. The Road Back
11. The Resurrection
12. Return with the Elixir

Impact of the Hero’s Journey on Modern Literature and Film
Campbell’s Hero’s Journey model is widely applied in movies, novels, comics, and games, forming the backbone of fantasy, science fiction, and adventure stories. Examples include:

• Star Wars (George Lucas was deeply influenced by Campbell)
• The Lord of the Rings (conforms to Campbell’s journey model)
• Harry Potter (Harry enters the magical world from the ordinary world, eventually becoming a hero)
• The Matrix (Neo’s journey as the savior)
• A Song of Ice and Fire (multiple characters embody different stages of the Hero’s Journey)

Conclusion
Campbell’s Hero’s Journey provides a universal narrative structure, explaining how hero myths from different cultures follow a similar pattern. This not only influences literature, film, and games but also helps writers and screenwriters understand how to craft compelling stories.

References

I. Original Works in English

• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954). The Fellowship of the Ring. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954). The Two Towers. London: George Allen & Unwin.
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955). The Return of the King. London: George Allen & Unwin.

II. Chinese Translations

Taiwan Traditional Editions (Lianjing Publishing)

• Tolkien, J. R. R.; translated by Zhu Xueheng. (2001). 魔戒首部曲：魔戒現身. Taipei: Lianjing Publishing Co.
• Tolkien, J. R. R.; translated by Zhu Xueheng. (2001). 魔戒二部曲：雙城奇謀. Taipei: Lianjing Publishing Co.
• Tolkien, J. R. R.; translated by Zhu Xueheng. (2001). 魔戒三部曲：王者再臨. Taipei: Lianjing Publishing Co.

Mainland China Simplified Editions (Yilin Press)

• Tolkien, J. R. R.; translated by Qi Hongwei. (2002). 魔戒：魔戒同盟. Nanjing: Yilin Press.
• Tolkien, J. R. R.; translated by Qi Hongwei. (2002). 魔戒：雙塔奇兵. Nanjing: Yilin Press.
• Tolkien, J. R. R.; translated by Qi Hongwei. (2002). 魔戒：王者歸來. Nanjing: Yilin Press.