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The Science of Pain 疼痛科學(上)
空中英語教室 20241122
修正英文文法，保留中文部分，同時將簡體中文修改為繁體中文
Sure! Here’s the corrected version with the grammar fixed, and the simplified Chinese changed to traditional Chinese as requested:
Hello, friends, and welcome to Studio Classroom.
Thank you for joining us today.
My name is Ann Marie.
And my name is John, friends.
Today is a great day to learn something new, so let’s do that together.
We have a very interesting topic to talk about today, friends.
We are going to be talking about the science of pain.
Pain might not be the most pleasant topic to talk about, but it is an interesting one.
Let’s start by answering this question, John.
Do you have a high pain tolerance or a low pain tolerance?
Oh, a pain tolerance? Are you able to put up with a lot of pain?
Well, for me, I think I have an okay pain tolerance, but I’ve never thought of myself as someone who has a really high pain tolerance. How about you?
Well, I always thought that I had a low pain tolerance most of my life growing up.
And maybe I did, but ever since I had kids, I realized I have a pretty high pain tolerance. What about you, friends?
This is something really interesting to talk about.
Let’s get into our first reading for the day.
The Science of Pain
Pain is the number one reason people see a doctor.
Ouch!
You’ve just stubbed your toe on the corner of the sofa and are doubled over in pain.
While your pain feels like it is happening in your foot, it’s actually your brain that is telling you what you’re experiencing and how to respond.
Pain can come and go or remain constant, and it can range from a sharp feeling to one that is dull and persistent.
Hello, everyone!
Welcome to Language Lab.
I’m Jack.
首先來看 "stub" 這個動詞，意思是碰踢到。
譬如：Yelling in pain, Lydia hopped on one foot after stubbing her big toe on the leg of the coffee table.
莉迪亞腳的大拇指踢到咖啡桌角時，痛苦地大叫，單腳跳了起來。
如果是 "stop something out" 它的意思是掐滅香煙。
譬如：Ivy finished her coffee, stopped out her cigarette, and paid her bill before leaving the cafe.
Ivy 喝完咖啡，掐滅煙頭，付完帳後離開了咖啡館。
"Stop" 也可以當名詞，意思是唇根。
譬如：Peru, Nora, and Violet showed their ticket stubs to get a discount on their popcorn and soda for the movie.
Nora 和 Violet 出示了電影票票根，以獲得爆米花和汽水的折扣。
再來看形容詞 "persistent"，意思是持續的。
例如：Lucas finally went to the doctor to see about why his cough was so persistent.
Lucas 終於去看了醫生，了解他咳嗽不止的原因。
或是：The sound of dripping water was persistent, so Hudson found the problem and fixed the leaky pipe.
滴水聲持續不斷，哈森找到了問題並修好了漏水的管子。
"Persistent" 的名詞是 "persistence"，意思是堅持。
譬如：Avery’s persistence in studying throughout the night with the help of coffee paid off as she got an A on the test.
Avery 通宵讀書，終於得到了回報，在考試中得了 A。
All right, friends.
Right away here in our lesson, we see pain is the number one reason people see a doctor.
This is a really interesting fact. Let’s talk about what that means.
That something is the number one reason means that it is the first and most important, urgent, or quality thing.
I see. So, I could say sharks are my number one fear, or something like that.
What is the first on the list of things?
That’s right!
Well, we read here a little story:
"Ouch! You’ve just stubbed your toe on the corner of the sofa and are doubled over in pain."
I was just telling John I stubbed my pinky toe last year. I actually ended up fracturing it, and that was some serious pain.
Yeah, that sounds painful. And if something is so painful that you are doubled over, it literally means that you’re folded over, right?
Oftentimes, I see that word with laughter too. You could say the friends were doubled over with laughter when the funny joke was told.
It has the idea that it’s not able to be controlled because you’re in so much pain, or you’re laughing so hard that you can’t control yourself—you’re just bending forward like that.
We read on here:
"While your pain feels like it is happening in your foot, it’s actually your brain that is telling you what you’re experiencing and how to respond."
Very interesting!
That’s right. And I guess that’s true—the damage happens in your body, but really your brain is telling you what’s going on.
We also read a little bit about pain:
Pain can come and go or remain constant, and it can range from a sharp feeling to one that is dull and persistent.
I really want to talk about sharp and dull, but first there’s this phrase "to come and go," and that means to arrive and then leave again and to kind of go back and forth in any way.
That’s right! This makes me think of cats, actually, because a lot of people in the States have cats that are indoor and outdoor cats.
So they don’t just stay in the house—they’re allowed to wander outside.
And these kinds of cats usually come and go as they please.
So, when they’re hungry, they come into the house, and when they’re not hungry, they can leave and roam around.
Oh, that makes sense. Pain is the same way—sometimes it arrives, sometimes it leaves.
If you’ve ever had a bad injury, you know what we’re talking about.
But now here are two words to describe pain: a sharp feeling of pain or one that is dull. What does dull mean?
Well, if something is dull, it is an aching sensation that may be localized or spread over an area.
There are a couple of different definitions of the word "dull," but here, when we’re talking about it in the context of pain, we’re talking about a small kind of ache in your body that’s not really a sharp pain but can spread over a large area.
"Ache" is such a good word—A-C-H-E, to ache.
If you’ve ever had a headache, you know that feeling, right?
Sometimes a headache can be sharp too. Sometimes it can be dull.
Well, friends, pain is no fun to have, but it’s interesting to talk about it because we’ve all experienced it.
That’s so true!
And we have more to learn when it comes to pain, friends, so let’s continue on with our next reading right now.
The Science of Pain
Pain is a sensory signal that something is wrong and you need to do something about it.
In fact, you don’t become aware of pain until it is processed by the brain.
Your body’s nerve endings, which are distributed throughout your body, are sensitive to different causes of pain.
When injury to nearby cells occurs, chemical warning markers are discharged in your blood and noticed by the nerve endings.
接下來看 "discharge" 這個動詞，意思是排出。
例如：The doctor told Harper that she had an ear infection and gave her some medicine to help discharge the liquid and end her pain.
醫生告訴 Harper 她耳朵發炎，就開了一些藥來幫助排出液體並減輕她的疼痛。
"discharge" 也指退役。
譬如：The soldier was discharged from the army after serving for five years overseas.
這位士兵在海外服役五年後退伍。
"discharge" 也可以當名詞，意思是出院。
譬如：After her discharge from the hospital, Iris had nurses visit several times to make sure her recovery was going well.
Iris 出院後，護理師來探訪她好幾次，以確保她康復順利。
Okay, thank you so much, Jack.
Let’s continue learning about the science of pain, friends.
We read here:
"Pain is a sensory signal that something is wrong and you need to do something about it."
Let’s stop there for just a moment.
Now, "sensory" means something related to your body’s senses.
These are any of the five senses: sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch.
So if you say something is "sensory," it means it has to do with one of these five senses.
That’s right! And you can say, "The concert was a real sensory experience. There was so much to hear and so much to see."
Those are your senses.
And it’s a sensory signal that something is wrong, right? Pain is telling you that you need to do something about it.
To "do something about something" means to take action, normally to fix a problem.
Exactly!
Here’s an example of how you could use that in a sentence:
"She’s been upset all day. We really need to do something about it."
That means you need to take some type of action to help this person who is upset.
But we read on here, friends:
"In fact, you don’t become aware of pain until it is processed by the brain."
What does that mean, to "process" something, John?
Well, it means to take action or to try to understand something.
So oftentimes, it means to think about it.
For example, if you say, "I was processing the meeting yesterday," that means you’re thinking about it.
But there are all kinds of processes, right?
Sometimes food is processed, too.
Definitely! Here’s another example of how you could use "process" in a sentence:
"It’s important to take time to process your feelings."
So this means to think through them, figure out your relationship to them, how they affect you, and go through all those steps to understand them.
Okay, but now we’re talking about something interesting in the next sentence:
What are nerve endings, John?
These are the branches at the end of your nerve cells, and they’re the ones that actually touch other cells.
So part of processing pain is that your nerve endings are actually being activated.
We read here:
"Your body’s nerve endings, which are distributed throughout your body, are sensitive to different causes of pain."
This is such an interesting system in our body where we feel pain in one location, and we think about it in our brain.
It’s really truly incredible how our body works!
When injury to nearby cells occurs, chemical warning markers are discharged in your blood and noticed by the nerve endings.
We have a few things we need to talk about in this sentence, friends.
What is a marker, John?
Well, normally, a marker means a change that can be measured. We use this word in science. Here, it’s talking about these little chemical things called markers that move around in your body and can make an effect.
That’s right!
But we also have something else in this sentence: the idea of noticing something.
If you "notice" something, it means you become aware of it.
So, for example, you could use this in a more casual way by saying, "Oh, I noticed today that he got a new haircut."
That’s right—you’re paying attention to it.
So it’s really important to notice when something is going on.
But it’s almost impossible not to notice pain when it’s happening!
It’s really cool how the body is incredibly complex, and there are all these ways the body has to protect itself.
It’s really incredible!
We have more to learn about this, friends, in just a moment.
But right now, it’s time for today’s Infocloud.
Infocloud
Hello and welcome to Infocloud!
What is the hardest part of learning English?
For me, it’s the grammar.
English grammar rules are really a pain in the neck!
That is true. When English adopted words and phrases from other languages, often their grammar and spelling rules came along for the ride as well.
When we talk about pain, we often mean physical discomfort, and neck pain is very common, especially for those who spend too much time looking at a computer or other devices.
But it usually isn’t a big problem that will stop you from going to work or school. So when we say something is a pain in the neck, we mean it’s annoying or a problem, but not a big enough problem to prevent us from getting things done. It’s something that troubles or bothers us, or someone. However, it is not very polite to tell someone they are a pain in the neck.
One tiny detail to note about this phrase is we don’t usually say "pain in my neck." We almost always say "pain in the neck." Ah, tiny details are a pain in the neck—sometimes they sure can be. But as the other famous saying goes, "No pain, no gain." Sometimes we have to face difficult or boring situations in order to achieve our goals. So even though learning English grammar is a pain in the neck, it will be all worth it in the end.
pain in the neck 讓人困擾的小事情 當一件事情或是某個人讓你感到極度困擾，或許你可以用今天分享的用語「pain in the neck」來形容。「Pain in the neck」字面上是頸部的疼痛，通常是很不舒服，但又不會讓你無法做事情。「Pain in the neck」就可以形容那些令你很困擾的小事情。
做家事對我來說是相當煩人的事情。這就是今天的INFO cloud，我們下次雲端見。
The Science of Pain They, in turn, use your spinal cord to transmit signals to your brain, which interprets them as pain. Your brain then signals the appropriate parts of your body to take action to protect you, which is why you move away from the cause of your pain, like a hot stove. At this point, your brain might release endorphins, the body’s natural painkillers, or communicate to your immune system to initiate the healing process, and it all happens in the blink of an eye.
最後來看動詞「initiate」，意思是開始或是啟動。譬如：
Evelyn initiated a personal development journey by taking courses and attending workshops to explore ways to meet her goals.
The artists initiated a project that combined their unique styles to create a learning project for the youth of the community.
Asher is very outgoing and has no trouble initiating conversations with complete strangers.
Okay, let’s read on here, friends. They, in turn, of course, talk about these warning markers that are noticed by your nerve endings. They, in turn, use your spinal cord to transmit signals to your brain. So, what is your spinal cord? Well, friends, it’s a column of nerve tissue that runs from the base of your skull down the center of your back. That is your spinal cord.
Okay, we talk about the spine脊椎 (S-P-I-N-E) a lot, and that is the series of bones that go down your back—your spine. But like you say, the spinal cord is the nerve inside your spine. Really important to protect all of these by stretching and keeping active in your life, isn’t it? Yes, it is.
So we also see another word here, and that is the word "transmit." Can you define that for us, John?
Yeah, "transmit" means to pass something through something else. You can often transmit information on the internet, right?
Yeah, that’s right! Or maybe your supervisor could transmit information to you so that you know what’s going on.
Okay, so your spinal cord is transmitting signals to your brain, and this is interpreted then as pain. Your brain then signals the appropriate parts of your body to take action to protect you.
Let’s talk about taking action. Taking action means actually doing something. It’s a phrase that sort of implies that the action is beginning, like, "Okay, it’s really time to take action and fix the leaky sink."
Okay, so we also see another phrase in this next section, which is "why you move away from the cause of your pain, like a hot stove." So if you move away from something, this can mean in a physical way that you physically take yourself and move to a different place. This can also be used for ideas and concepts as well. You could say, "The company’s been moving away from doing things that way for a while now."
That’s right, we’re moving away from the old way of doing things, and we’re moving to a new idea now.
We get one very famous cause of a hot stove. It’s no fun when you burn yourself while you’re cooking. Ouch! But we read at this point, your brain might release endorphins, the body’s natural painkillers.
There’s that phrase "at this point." And what does that mean?
Yeah, so this means in this moment, right now, or at the stage we are at—that’s what it means when we say "at this point."
I see, so it’s a time word. So, "at this point" means it’s time to do something new. And of course, endorphins, we read there, they are the body’s natural painkillers. You could say, "Oh, working out releases a lot of endorphins." They normally make you feel good.
And it says, or communicate to your immune system to initiate the healing process. We already learned about "initiate"—to start something, right?
That’s right, so the healing process can begin in your body now.
This next sentence is really amazing, friends. We read, and it all happens in the blink of an eye. Sometimes, we use the phrase "in the blink of an eye" figuratively, where we just mean very, very quickly here.
I think it literally means, as you’re blinking your eyes a few times, all of this is going on in your body.
That’s right! So, again, "in the blink of an eye" is a phrase you can use in a lot of things. You could say, "In the blink of an eye, I dropped my food and my dog ate it really quick." But I think it’s incredible how fast our nervous system works and how fine-tuned it is. I think when we think about our immune system, we should have a lot of humility. Wow, how did I get something so amazing?
There’s so much more that scientists are finding out every day about the amazing human body.
That’s right. All right, friends, it’s time for us to learn something new right now with today’s fun fact!
Hello, fact friends! I’m Detective Ernest Finder, and I have a fun fact for you today. Did you know that crying can help make pain go away? It’s true! Ha, crying can help you feel better. Ha ha! Tears have a natural painkiller—thanks, God! That’s pretty cool, so crying is not always a bad idea. Ha ha!
Okay, friends, as we finish our article for today, we need to talk about our "Talk About It" question here. It is: What kind of pain have you experienced in your life? Describe it.
Oh, I’ve been in a lot of accidents where maybe I stubbed my toe. There was one time where I had a toothache. It was a dull pain. There are all kinds of pain that I’ve experienced. How about you?
Yeah, sometimes I get migraines a few times a year, and I will get very sharp pain in my head. That’s a totally different kind of pain as well. What about you, friends? What kind of pain have you experienced? Talk about that in English, and we’ll see you next time right here on Studio Classroom.
The Science of Pain 疼痛科學(下) 空中英語教室 20241123
修正英文文法，保留中文部分，同時將簡體中文修改為繁體中文
Here is the revised text with proper English grammar, the retention of the Chinese parts, and the correction of simplified Chinese to traditional Chinese:
Hello friends and welcome to Studio Classroom! We’re so glad youre here with us today.
My name is Ann Marie, and my name is John. Friends, today is a good day to learn something new.
It certainly is, so let’s do that together!
We are on day two of our article called The Science of Pain.
We are talking all about pain, how our body perceives pain, and how the nervous system works with our immune system inside our bodies.
There are a lot of technical things that we talked about yesterday.
That’s right! We learned that pain is just something that your brain is telling you about.
There is a whole system from your nerve endings, parts of nerve cells that touch other cells, all the way to your brain.
Today, we’re going to learn a lot more about how pain works and what scientists are discovering.
It’s actually really interesting.
It is very fascinating, friends, so come along with us as we get into our first reading for the day:
The Science of Pain
Acute pain, which comes on suddenly due to a disease, inflammation, or an injury like breaking an arm, can be intense. But it is usually treatable and will disappear as you heal.
On the other hand, chronic pain, which lasts for more than three months, can be caused by an injury, a lengthy illness, or a damaged and dysfunctional nervous system.
Long-term pain can bring about changes to the nervous system, which makes you more sensitive to pain.
Hey everyone, welcome to Language Lab!
I’m Jack.
我們先來看 acute 這個形容詞，意思是劇烈的、急性的，譬如
The acute pain in Pans stomach prompted her to rush to the emergency room for medical attention (Ham的胃部劇烈疼痛促使他趕緊去急診室就醫)，或是 The economic crisis caused acute hardship for many families, forcing them to make difficult choices (經濟危機造成許多家庭很拮据，迫使他們做出艱難的選擇)。 Acute 也指敏銳的，譬如
Despite its small size, that bird’s acute sense of smell allows it to locate tiny flowers (那隻鳥儘管體型很小，敏銳的嗅覺能讓它找到小花)。 接著來看 inflammation 這個名詞，意思是發炎，例如
The inflammation in Josie’s knees hurt even more after a long day of gardening (經過一天漫長的園藝工作，Josie膝蓋的發炎更加嚴重了)，或是 The doctor prescribed medication to reduce the inflammation in Josiah’s injured ankle (醫生為Josiah受傷的腳踝開了消炎藥)。 Inflammation 的動詞是 inflame，譬如
The sun inflamed Nora’s fair skin, turning it bright red (Nora白皙的皮膚被太陽曬得通紅)。 All right, thank you so much, Jack! Friends, are you ready? Let’s get right into our lesson!
Acute pain, which comes on suddenly due to a disease, inflammation, or an injury like breaking an arm, can be intense. Let’s stop there for just a moment. Now, we saw that word acute in our Language Lab already. Let’s talk about some of the other words in this sentence.
One phrase you need to know is to come on. It’s used to describe something that starts suddenly. Come on here means to start, begin, arrive, or even just to happen. Often, we use this when describing a medical condition.
Yeah, that’s right!
So, the idea here is that you didn’t have this problem before, and then all of a sudden you do have it. It came on suddenly.
We do use this phrase sometimes to talk about weather as well. You could say, “Oh, the storm came on suddenly,” and usually, here we’re saying that the people weren’t expecting the storm to come, and it kind of surprised them.
So we also see due to a disease, and that just means because of a disease.
And we move down here to the next line: But it is usually treatable and will disappear as you heal.
What does it mean if something is treatable?
It means it’s able to be cured, often medically. So, it’s great news if you have pain or sickness, and the doctor tells you, “This is treatable.” It can give you some hope, right?
That’s right! So, we could ask, Is that disease treatable? Is that disease able to be cured?
On the other hand, now we’re not talking about acute pain, we are talking about chronic pain.
Chronic pain is something that persists for a long time or is something that is recurring over and over. A chronic condition is something that you have for a long time.
You could even say, I have a chronic case of needing to eat ice cream every summer, but chronic means you can’t get rid of it, and chronic pain... how it’s the worst!
We read here, On the other hand, chronic pain, which can last more than three months, can be caused by an injury, an illness, or a damaged and dysfunctional nervous system.
Dysfunctional means it’s not functioning; it’s not working properly, doesn’t it?
That’s right! And we can use this when talking about systems in the body. Of course, we could use it for other things as well, such as dysfunctional relationships, or you could say here, The culture in that company is very dysfunctional. That means that it’s just not working the way it’s supposed to work.
I’d say we see this word dysfunctional almost most commonly with family. You could say, I come from a very dysfunctional family—there’s a lot of family conflict.
But anything can be healed, and we read here also about pain that long-term pain can bring about changes to the nervous system, which makes you more sensitive to pain.
It’s really cool how our bodies are designed to adapt and overcome things and be ready for the next problem.
This is super interesting for me!
Let’s read that sentence one more time: Long-term pain can bring about changes to the nervous system, so your nervous system is literally changing to be different than it was before, and then you are more sensitive to pain.
It’s almost like your body is saying, I’m really in pain. Please pay attention to me and do something about it!.
Yeah, there’s this term adapt. To adapt means to change to fit the environment. It’s a bonus vocabulary word there.
So, have you ever had to adapt to pain in your life? Again, there’s always hope, but it’s really interesting to think about what the body is actually doing.
That’s right!
All right, friends, let’s learn more about this in our next reading:
The Science of Pain
According to Dr. David Williams, a pain researcher for the National Institute of Health, changes in the brain result in some types of chronic pain.
In such cases, the brain perceives pain after the injury has already healed. The person continues to experience pain for no apparent reason, and no physical cause can be found.
接著來看 perceive 這個動詞，意思是感知或看待，例如
We perceive the world around us through our five senses: sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell (我們通過視覺、聽覺、觸覺、味覺和嗅覺來感知周圍的世界)，或是 Being able to perceive and understand the emotions of others allows us to connect with them on a deeper level (能夠感受和理解別人的情感能讓我們與他人建立更深層次的聯結)，又或者 Tourists often perceive Venice as a romantic city, but people who live there face challenges with overcrowding and rising living costs (遊客通常認為威尼斯是一座浪漫的城市，但生活在那裡的人卻面臨過度擁擠和生活成本上升的挑戰)。 Well, friends, were introduced to a doctor here in this next sentence:
According to Dr. David Williams, a pain researcher for the National Institute of Health, changes in the brain result in some types of chronic pain.
Chronic pain is something that a lot of researchers are studying, and a lot of times, there isn’t a definite reason.
But it sounds like here they’re getting down to some of those reasons and why it happens. It’s because of changes in the brain.
Yeah, I guess your brain is just always thinking about the pain, and you begin to feel it.
We read more here: In such cases, the brain perceives pain after the injury has already healed.
Wow, so if we look at this phrase, in such cases, what does that mean?
It’s just talking about a particular situation, and because we see the word in such cases, we’re talking about this particular situation where this chronic pain has resulted in brain changes.
Okay, and you could use that phrase if any topic has already been mentioned.
So you could say, Sometimes there are typhoons. In such cases, it’s best to stay indoors if something has been mentioned already.
So the brain perceives pain—we learned about that in our Language Lab.
That means to be aware and kind of sense it.
Then there’s that really amazing word healed, which means to become healthy again.
Yeah, that’s right. Usually, after you have surgery or some type of procedure done, you have to take some time to allow your body to heal. This is a word we often use after an injury or some type of surgery. We don’t always use healed to talk about when someone, like, has a cold and then they’re healed. We don’t usually use it in that way.
That’s a good point. Yeah, I’ve never heard someone say, “I was healed from my cold.” It often implies that there is an agent or somebody outside the situation that is doing something to the situation; they are healing it. It has been, it’s what we call a passive verb—youre receiving healing.
Yeah, so you could say, “I healed from my surgery.” You could say, “I healed from the car accident,” but you can’t say, “I healed from COVID” or “I healed from the flu.” That’s not okay.
All right. So we read on here: The person continues to experience pain for no apparent reason. Now here, we do see that word experience, and that is one that we use to talk about pain. That’s right. You can experience all kinds of feelings, right?
And if you say for no apparent reason, that means a person can’t understand why it happens. A lot of things happen for no apparent reason, but there still is a reason that they happen. We just don’t know what the reason is.
Here’s an example, friends:
The dog bit the child for no apparent reason. Nobody knew why this dog bit the child, but maybe the dog had a reason; he knew why he bit the child.
That’s right. There’s a phrase we learned last month: the grand scheme of things. And this is the idea that there is a larger plan, right? And so, even though we can’t understand it, understanding that there is a reason is really important for staying calm—especially in a situation with a lot of pain, right?
So, scientists are trying to figure these things out, and we also read right here: And no physical cause can be found sometimes when there’s still pain. Super interesting.
Friends, we have more to learn in just a moment. Right now, let’s go to today’s InfoCloud.
InfoCloud
Hello friends!
Welcome to InfoCloud! Hey Garrett, did you see the damage caused by the earthquake last weekend? It was horrible.
Yes, buildings collapsed during the earthquake. It will take some painstaking effort to repair and rebuild some of those buildings.
You mean there’s going to be a lot of pain involved for the workers that have to do the work?
It will be a lot of work, but that’s not what painstaking means. The word painstaking actually means using a lot of care and attention while doing something. It sounds to me like painstaking involves a great amount of focus, and the person doing the work is putting a lot of heart into it.
Exactly! When you put a lot of painstaking effort into something, it does involve some pain and discomfort. So, kind of like learning a language. That could be when you try to learn a language like English. It does take painstaking effort, especially in the beginning. And if you want to be really good, but we believe you can master English if you put your heart into it.
painstaking effort 費盡苦心 當一個人全心投入到一件事情當中，費勁苦心的想要把它做好，你可以用今天分享的用語 painstaking effort 來稱呼他所付出的努力。
Painstaking 是 pains（痛苦）跟 taking（承受）組合而成的字，但 painstaking 並不是承受痛苦，而是費盡苦心的意思。
We put in painstaking effort to build this product.
我們費盡苦心的把這個產品做出來。
但我們付出努力，一定會有些艱辛的過程，因此才會是用ainstaking effort 來稱呼它。
這就是今天的 InfoCloud，下次云端見。
The Science of Pain While pain is one of the most common ailments known to human beings, its biological processes remain a puzzle. Common treatments include pain relievers, acupuncture, physical therapy, and surgery. Research has shown that talk therapies have also been effective because they emphasize behaving or thinking in ways that change one’s perception of physical suffering. This vital area of research promises hope for those in pain.
最後來看名詞 perception，意思是見解或是看法，例如
Due to their cultural differences, their initial perceptions of each other were filled with misunderstandings. 由於文化差異，他們最初對彼此的看法充滿了誤解。
或是
The advertising campaign tried to change consumers’ perceptions of the brand. 廣告活動試圖改變消費者對該品牌的看法。
Perception 也指感覺或知覺，例如
The scientist conducted experiments to understand how different lighting conditions affected humans’ perception of color. 這位科學家進行實驗，以了解不同的照明條件如何影響人類對顏色的感知。
Okay, friends, we have a very interesting end to our article. We read here: While pain is one of the most common ailments known to human beings, biological processes remain a puzzle. There’s a few things we need to talk about here, friends.
First of all, we see that word ailment. An ailment is an illness, and usually, an ailment is a minor illness. It’s not like a big chronic disease.
That’s right. You could say a headache is a terrible ailment to have.
There’s also this word ail, and you could say, “What ails you?” It’s older English, but it means, “What is causing you this ailment? What’s causing you trouble? What ails you?”
That’s right. We also have another word that we want to look at in this sentence, and that is the word biological.
Yes, if you see bio, it means relating to life. So biological means relating to living things. We also get that term biology, right? We’ve all probably studied a little bit of biology in school.
That’s right. So in our next sentence here, we are going to see pain relievers. Now, a pain reliever is something that you use to relieve pain, right?
John, that’s right. Oftentimes, pain relievers can be things like medicines. Here, so normally when we just see it by itself, a pain reliever is talking about a medicine.
Be very careful taking pain relievers.
Another way of relieving pain or treating pain is acupuncture, and that is a form of treatment where needles are inserted into the skin to treat various conditions. Really all kinds of things, yeah.
And the idea with acupuncture is that these needles are inserted into lines of energy, which I really don’t understand this very much. This is more of an Eastern medicine type of way of curing diseases or treating ailments.
But this has been growing in popularity in the United States over the last several years as well.
So let’s read this entire sentence now, that we’ve broken it down, friends:
Common treatments include pain relievers, acupuncture, physical therapy, and surgery. Research has shown that talk therapies have also been effective because they emphasize behaving or thinking in ways that change one’s perception of physical suffering.
This is really interesting—talk therapies, yeah. That means discussing your pain, having somebody help you with the way you process things mentally. Remember, friends, we learned yesterday especially that pain is all about the nervous system. And what is the biggest part of your nervous system? Your brain. So maybe thinking differently about pain could help you.
We have that word therapy. There are all kinds of therapy. Physical therapy is one thing that helps the body. It’s something that helps you heal.
That’s right. Okay, so this emphasizes behaving or thinking in ways that change your perception. The way we think about pain can actually change the way we feel pain.
We read this last sentence here: This vital area of research promises hope for those in pain.
If something is vital, of course, it means it is absolutely necessary.
That’s right. It’s vital to practice your vocabulary and speak out loud if you want to become a better English speaker, right?
What is vital? Well, there’s hope, and the research promises hope. It means it gives something for the future.
That’s right.
All right, friends. Well, right now it is time for us to do something fun. Let’s go to today’s Fun Fact.
Fun Fact
Hello, fact friends! I’m Detective Ernest Finder, and I have a fun fact for you today. Did you know that if a joke is really bad, we say it is painful? Or you can say, “Ugh, that was a painfully bad joke.”
We use the word painful a lot in English. If something is really clear, we can say it is painfully obvious, and that is today’s fun fact.
Okay, friends, we have reached the end of our lesson, which means we need to look at one of our Talk About It questions from inside your magazine. Take it out if you have it with you. We read here: Which kind of pain do you feel would be the most difficult to deal with? Why? Wow, this is a question that requires some thought. What do you think, John?
Well, we’ve been learning about chronic pain, right? Pain that happens over a long time. Even though some kinds of pain are very sharp and they’re very strong and intense, I think chronic pain would be the hardest to deal with because it doesn’t necessarily go away if you wait.
I totally agree with you. Chronic pain is the hardest type of pain to deal with, in my opinion, because you have to learn how to alter your mental state in order to live with that pain day to day. And sometimes, not knowing when the pain is going to come—because sometimes it just means it is recurring, right? It’s not necessarily pain you feel all the time. That can be very difficult to deal with, mentally as well as physically.
But what do you think, friends? What kind of pain do you think is the most difficult to deal with?
That’s right. Well, friends, we’ve been talking about pain. If any of you are dealing with serious pain out there, we really hope the best for you. Don’t give up, and know that you are loved. We appreciate you being here on the show with us. We’ll see you next time right here on Studio Classroom.
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